LAMBDA

LAMBDA , lambda

1. The 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, lambda. 2. Symbol (lambda) for Avogadro's number; wavelength; radioactive constant; Ostwald's solubility coefficient; molar conductivity of an electrolyte (LAMBDA). 3. In chemistry, denotes the position of a substituent located on the eleventh atom from the carboxyl or other functional group (lambda).

lambda lambda

See LAMBDA.

L L

1. Abbreviation for left (e.g., left eye); lumbar vertebra (L1 to L5). 2. Symbol for inductance; liter; leucine; linking number. 3. Abbreviation for limes; used with a lower case letter, plus sign, subscript letter, or subscript plus sign as a symbol for various doses of toxin. See dose.

l l

Symbol for liter.

l- l-

Levorotatory. Cf. d-. [L. laevus, on the left-hand side]

l- l-

Prefix indicating a chemical compound to be structurally (sterically) related to l-glyceraldehyde. Cf. d-.

La La

Symbol for lanthanum.

Laband Laband

Peter F., U.S. dentist, *1900. See L.'s syndrome.

Labbé Labbé

Ernest M., French physician, 1870-1939. See L.'s neurocirculatory syndrome.

Labbé Labbé

Leon, French surgeon, 1832-1916. See L.'s triangle, vein.

label label

1. To incorporate into a compound a substance that is readily detected, such as a radionuclide, whereby its metabolism can be followed or its physical distribution detected. 2. The substance so incorporated.

la belle indifférence la belle indifférence (lah bel an-dif-er-ahns´)

A naive, inappropriate lack of emotion or concern for the perceptions by others of one's disability, typically seen in persons with conversion hysteria. [Fr.]

labetalol hydrochloride labetalol hydrochloride (la-bet´a-lol)

5-[1-Hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl]salicyamide monohydrochloride;an a-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic blocking agent used in the treatment of hypertension.

labia labia (la´be-a)

Plural of labium.

labial labial (la´be-al)

1. Relating to the lips or any labium. 2. Toward a lip. 3. One of the letters formed by means of the lips. [L. labium, lip]

labialism labialism (la´be-al-izm)

A form of stammering in which there is confusion in the use of the labial consonants.

labially labially (la´be-al-e)

Toward the lips.

labile labile (la´bIl, -bil)

Unstable; unsteady, not fixed; denoting: 1. An adaptability to alteration or modification, i.e., relatively easily changed or rearranged. 2. Certain constituents of serum affected by increases in heat. 3. An electrode that is kept moving over the surface during the passage of an electric current. 4. In psychology or psychiatry, denoting free and uncontrolled mood or behavioral expression of the emotions. 5. Easily removable; e.g., a l. hydrogen. [L. labilis, liable to slip, fr. labor, pp. lapsus, to slip]

lability lability (la-bil´i-te)

The state of being labile.

labio- labio-

The lips. See also cheilo-. [L. labium, lip]

labiocervical labiocervical (la´be-o-ser´vi-kal)

Relating to a lip and a neck; specifically, to the labial or buccal surface of the neck of a tooth. [labio- + L. cervix, neck]

labiochorea labiochorea (la-be-o-kor-e´a)

A chronic spasm of the lips, interfering with speech. [labio- + G. choreia, dance]

labioclination labioclination (la´be-o-kli-na´shun)

Inclination of position more toward the lips than is normal; said of a tooth.

labiodental labiodental (la-be-o-den´tal)

Relating to the lips and the teeth; denoting certain letters the sound of which is formed by both lips and teeth. [labio- + L. dens, tooth]

labiogingival labiogingival (la´be-o-jin´ji-val)

Relating to the point of junction of the labial border and the gingival line on the distal or mesial surface of an incisor tooth.

labioglossolaryngeal labioglossolaryngeal (la´be-o-glos´o-la-rin´je-al)

Relating to the lips, tongue, and larynx; describing bulbar paralysis in which these parts are involved. [labio- + G. glossa, tongue, + larynx]

labioglossopharyngeal labioglossopharyngeal (la´be-o-glos´o-fa-rin´je-al)

Relating to the lips, tongue, and pharynx; describing bulbar paralysis involving these parts. [labio- + G. glossa, tongue, + pharynx]

labiograph labiograph (la´be-o-graf)

An instrument for recording the movements of the lips in speaking. [labio- + G. grapho, to record]

labiomental labiomental (la´be-o-men´tal)

Relating to the lower lip and the chin. [labio- + L. mentum, chin]

labionasal labionasal (la´be-o-na´sal)

1. Relating to the upper lip and the nose, or to both lips and the nose. 2. Denoting a letter which is both labial and nasal in the production of its sound.

labiopalatine labiopalatine (la´be-o-pal´a-tIn)

Relating to the lips and the palate.

labioplacement labioplacement (la´be-o-plas´ment)

Positioning (e.g., of a tooth) more toward the lips than normal.

labioplasty labioplasty (la´be-o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of a lip. [labio- + G. plastos, formed]

labioversion labioversion (la´be-o-ver-zhun)

Malposition of an anterior tooth from the normal line of occlusion toward the lips.

labitome labitome (lab´i-tom)

A forceps with sharp blades.cutting forceps; [G. labis, pincers, + tome, an incision]

labium labium, gen. labii, pl. labia (la´be-um, -be-e, -be-a) [NA]

1. lip 2. Any lip-shaped structure. [L.]
l. ante´rius os´tii u´teri [NA] anterior lip of uterine os
l. exter´num cris´tae ili´acae [NA] external lip of iliac crest
l. infe´rius o´ris [NA] lower lip
l. inter´num cris´tae ili´acae [NA] internal lip of iliac crest
l. latera´le lin´eae as´perae [NA] lateral lip of linea aspera
l. lim´bi tympan´icum la´minae spi´ralis [NA] tympanic l. of limbus of spiral lamina
l. lim´bi vestibula´re la´minae spi´ralis [NA] vestibular l. of limbus of spiral lamina
l. ma´jus one of two rounded folds of integument forming the lateral boundaries of the pudendal cleft. The labia majora are the female homolog of the scrotum.l. majus pudendi [NA], large pudendal lip;
l. ma´jus puden´di, pl. la´bia majo´ra [NA] l. majus
l. media´le lin´eae as´perae [NA] medial lip of linea aspera
l. mi´nus one of two narrow longitudinal folds of mucous membrane enclosed in the pudendal cleft within the labia majora; posteriorly, they gradually merge into the labia majora and join to form the frenulum labiorum pudendi (fourchette); anteriorly, each l. divides into two portions which unite with those of the opposite side in front of the glans clitoridis to form the prepuce.l. minus pudendi [NA], small pudendal lip;
l. mi´nus puden´di, pl. la´bia mino´ra [NA] l. minus
la´bia o´ris [NA] lips of mouth, under lip See lip (1).
l. poste´rius os´tii u´teri [NA] posterior lip of uterine os
l. supe´rius o´ris [NA] upper lip
tympanic l. of limbus of spiral lamina the lower, long periosteal extension of the limbus laminae spiralis osseae that rests on the basilar lamina of the spiral organ (of Corti).l. limbi tympanicum laminae spiralis [NA], tympanic lip of limbus of spiral lamina;
l. ure´thrae one of the two lateral margins of the external urethral orifice of the female.
la´bia u´teri See anterior lip of uterine os, posterior lip of uterine os.
vestibular l. of limbus of spiral lamina the upper, short periosteal extension of the limbus laminae spiralis osseae which provides the central attachment for the tectorial membrane.l. limbi vestibulare laminae spiralis [NA], lamina dentata, vestibular lip of limbus of spiral lamina;
l. voca´le, pl. la´bia voca´lia vocal fold

labor labor (la´bor)

The process of expulsion of the fetus and the placenta from the uterus. The stages of l. include: first stage , beginning with the onset of uterine contractions through the period of dilation of the os uteri; second stage , the period of expulsive effort, beginning with complete dilation of the cervix and ending with expulsion of the infant; third s . or placental stage , the period beginning at the expulsion of the infant and ending with the completed expulsion of the placenta and membranes. [L. toil, suffering]
active l. contractions resulting in progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix.
dry l. obsolete term for l. after spontaneous loss of the amniotic fluid.
false l. contractions which do not produce cervical dilation or effacement.
missed l. brief uterine contractions which do not lead to labor and expulsion of the infant, but which cease, resulting in the indefinite retention of the fetus (usually lifeless) either in utero or extrauterine, e.g., in the abdominal cavity.
precipitate l. very rapid l. ending in delivery of the fetus.
premature l. onset of labor before the 37th completed week of pregnancy dated from the last normal menstrual period.

laboratorian laboratorian (lab´o-ra-tor´e-an)

One who works in a laboratory; in the medical and allied health professions, one who examines or performs tests (or supervises such procedures) with various types of chemical and biologic materials, chiefly as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of disease, or as a basis for health and sanitation practices.

laboratory laboratory (lab´o-ra-to-re, lab´ra-)

A place equipped for the performance of tests, experiments, and investigative procedures and for the preparation of reagents, therapeutic chemical materials, and so on. [Mediev. L. laboratorium, a workplace, fr. L. laboro, pp. -atus, to labor]
personal growth l. a sensitivity training setting in which the primary emphasis is on each participant's potentialities for creativity, empathy, and leadership. See also sensitivity training group.

labra labra (la´bra)

Plural of labrum. [L.]

labrale inferius labrale inferius (la-bra´le in-fe´re-us)

A point where the boundary of the vermilion border of the lower lip and the skin is intersected by the median plane.

labrale superius labrale superius (la-bra´le su-pe´re-us)

The point on the upper lip lying in the median sagittal plane on a line drawn across the boundary of the vermilion border and skin.

labrocyte labrocyte (lab´ro-sIt)

mast cell

labrum labrum, pl. labra (la´brum, la´bra) [NA]

1. A lip. 2. A lip-shaped structure. [L.]
acetabular l. a fibrocartilaginous rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum of the hip bone.l. acetabulare [NA], acetabular lip, circumferential cartilage (1), cotyloid ligament, ligamentum cotyloideum;
l. acetabula´re [NA] acetabular l
articular l. a fibrocartilaginous lip around the margin of the concave portion of some joints.l. articulare [NA], articular lip;
l. articula´re [NA] articular l See acetabular l., glenoid l.
glenoid l. a ring of fibrocartilage attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula to increase its depth.l. glenoidale [NA], articular margin, circumferential cartilage (2), glenoid ligament (1), glenoidal lip, ligamentum glenoidale;
l. glenoida´le [NA] glenoid l

labyrinth labyrinth (lab´i-rinth)

Any of several anatomical structures with numerous intercommunicating cells or canals. 1. The internal or inner ear, composed of the semicircular ducts, vestibule, and cochlea. 2. Any group of communicating cavities, as in each lateral mass of the ethmoid bone. 3. convoluted part of kidney lobule 4. A group of upright test tubes terminating below in a base of communicating, alternately -shaped and -shaped tubes, used for isolating motile from nonmotile organisms in culture, or a motile from a less motile organism (as the typhoid from the colon bacillus), the former traveling faster and farther through the tubes than the latter.
bony l. a series of cavities (cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals) contained within the otic capsule of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; the bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, in which the delicate, endolymph-filled membranous labyrinth is suspended.labyrinthus osseus [NA], osseous l;
cochlear l. the content of the cochlea including the portion of the membranous labyrinth containing the spiral organ (cochlear duct) and the perilymphatic channels (scalae) which lie on either side.labyrinthus cochlearis [NA], organ of hearing;
ethmoidal l. a mass of air cells with thin bony walls forming part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; the cells are arranged in three groups, anterior, middle, and posterior, and are closed laterally by the orbital plate which forms part of the wall of the orbit.labyrinthus ethmoidalis [NA], ectethmoid, ectoethmoid, lateral mass of ethmoid bone;
Ludwig's l. convoluted part of kidney lobule
membranous l. a complex arrangement of communicating membranous canaliculi and sacs, filled with endolymph and surrounded by perilymph, suspended within the cavity of the bony labyrinth; its chief divisions are the cochlear labyrinth and the vestibular labyrinth.labyrinthus membranaceus [NA];
osseous l. bony l
renal l. convoluted part of kidney lobule
Santorini's l. prostatic venous plexus
vestibular l. the portion of the membranous labyrinth located within the semicircular canals and the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth. It is surrounded with perilymph and involved with vestibular functions.labyrinthus vestibularis [NA];

labyrinthectomy labyrinthectomy (lab-I-rin-thek´to-me)

Excision of the labyrinth; a destructive operation to destroy labyrinthine function. [labyrinth + G. ektome, excision]

labyrinthine labyrinthine (lab-I-rin´thin)

Relating to any labyrinth.

labyrinthitis labyrinthitis (lab´I-rin-thI´tis)

Inflammation of the labyrinth (the internal ear), sometimes accompanied by vertigo and deafness.otitis interna;

labyrinthotomy labyrinthotomy (lab-I-rin-thot´o-me)

Incision into the labyrinth. [labyrinth + G. tome, incision]

labyrinthus labyrinthus (lab-i-rin´thus) [NA]

convoluted part of kidney lobule [L. fr. G. labyrinthos, labyrinth]
l. cochlea´ris [NA] cochlear labyrinth
l. ethmoida´lis [NA] ethmoidal labyrinth
l. membrana´ceus [NA] membranous labyrinth
l. os´seus [NA] bony labyrinth
l. vestibula´ris [NA] vestibular labyrinth

lac lac, gen. lactis (lak, lak´tis) [NA]

1. milk (1) 2. Any whitish, milklike liquid. [L. milk]
l. sul´furis precipitated sulfur
l. vacci´num cow's milk.

lacca lacca (lak´a)

shellac

laccase laccase (lak´as)

An enzyme oxidizing benzenediols to semiquinones with O₂.monophenol monooxygenase (2), phenol oxidase, phenolase, polyphenol oxidase, urushiol oxidase;

lacerable lacerable (las´er-a-bl)

Capable of being, or liable to be, torn. [L. lacero, to tear to pieces, fr. lacer, mangled]

lacerated lacerated (las´er-a-ted)

Torn; rent; having a ragged edge. [L. lacero, pp. -atus, to tear to pieces]

laceration laceration (las-er-a´shun)

1. A torn or jagged wound, or an accidental cut wound. 2. The process or act of tearing the tissues. [L. lacero, pp. -atus, to tear to pieces]
brain l. gross tearing of neural tissue.
scalp l. a tear of the dermis or underlying tissues and galea aponeurotica of the scalp.
through-and-through laceration a l. that penetrates two surfaces of a structure, generally restricted to skin or mucosal surfaces, such as the cheek, lip, ala nasi, pinna, etc.
vaginal l. colporrhexis

lacertus lacertus (la-ser´tus)

1. Originally the muscular part of the upper limb from shoulder to elbow. 2. [NA] A fibrous band, bundle, or slip related to a muscle. [L.]
l. cor´dis one of the trabeculae carneae.
l. fibro´sus bicipital aponeurosis
l. of lateral rectus muscle the part of the tendon of origin of the lateral rectus muscle attaching to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, lateral to the common tendinous ring; often incorrectly equated to the lateral check ligament of the eyeball.l. musculi recti lateralis [NA];
l. me´dius anterior longitudinal ligament
l. mus´culi rec´ti latera´lis [NA] l. of lateral rectus muscle

lachrymal lachrymal (lak´ri-mal)

lacrimal

LACI LACI

Abbreviation for lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor.

laciniae tubae laciniae tubae (la-sin´e-e tu´be)

fimbriae of uterine tube, under fimbria [L. lacinia, fringe]

lacrimal lacrimal (lak´ri-mal)

Relating to the tears, their secretion, the secretory glands, and the drainage apparatus.lachrymal; [L. lacrima, a tear]

lacrimation lacrimation (lak´ri-ma´shun)

The secretion of tears, especially in excess. [L. lacrimatio]

lacrimator lacrimator (lak´ri-ma-ter)

An agent (such as tear gas) that irritates the eyes and produces tears. [L. lacrima, tear]

lacrimatory lacrimatory (lak´ri-ma-to-re)

Causing lacrimation.

lacrimotomy lacrimotomy (lak-ri-mot´o-me)

The operation of incising the lacrimal duct or sac. [L. lacrima, tear, + G. tome, incision]

lact- lact- , lacti- , lacto-

Milk. See also galacto-. [L. lac, lactis]

lactacidemia lactacidemia (lak-tas-i-de´me-a)

lactic acidemia

lactacidosis lactacidosis (lak-tas-i-do´sis)

Acidosis due to increased lactic acid.

lactalbumin lactalbumin (lak-tal-byu´min)

The albumin fraction of milk. It contains two proteins: a- and beta-l.; the former, minor l., interacts with galactosyl transferase to form lactose synthase which synthesizes lactose from d-glucose and UDP-galactose in milk production; beta-l. is the chief whey protein in bovine milk; a-l. is the most heat-stable of the whey proteins.

lactam lactam , lactim (lak´tam, -tim)

Contractions of "lactoneamine" and "lactoneimine," and applied to the tautomeric forms -NH-CO- and -N=C(OH)-, respectively, observed in many purines, pyrimidines, and other substances; the latter form accounts for the acidic properties of uric acid.

beta-lactam beta-lactam

A class of broad spectrum antibiotics that are structurally and pharmacologically related to the penicillins and cephalosporins.

beta-lactamase beta-lactamase (lak´ta-mas)

An enzyme that brings about the hydrolysis of a beta-lactam (as penicillin to penicilloic acid); found in most staphylococcus strains that are naturally resistant to penicillin.cephalosporinase, penicillinase (1);

lactase lactase (lak´tas)

beta-d-galactosidase

lactate lactate (lak´tat)

1. A salt or ester of lactic acid. 2. To produce milk in the mammary glands.
l. dehydrogenase (LDH) name for four enzymes: l-l. dehydrogenase (cytochrome), d-l. dehydrogenase (cytochrome), l-l. dehydrogenase, and d-l. dehydrogenase. The first two enzymes transfer H to ferricytochrome c (EC 1.1.2.3 is cytochrome b₂), the last two enzymes transfer it to NAD⁺, in catalyzing the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate; the isozyme distribution of heart and muscle l. dehydrogenase is of significant use in cases of myocardial infarction; a deficiency of a subunit will result in myoglobinuria after intense exercise.lactic acid dehydrogenase;
excess l. the increase in l. concentration beyond what would be expected from the increase in pyruvate concentration resulting from a change in redox potential; used as an index of anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism.

lactate 2-mono-oxygenase lactate 2-mono-oxygenase

A flavoprotein oxidoreductase catalyzing oxidation (with O₂) of l-lactate to acetate plus CO₂ and water.lactic acid oxidative decarboxylase;

lactation lactation (lak-ta´shun)

1. Production of milk. 2. Period following birth during which milk is secreted in the breasts. [L. lactatio, suckle]

lactational lactational (lak-ta´shun-al)

Relating to lactation.

lacteal lacteal (lak´te-al)

1. Relating to or resembling milk; milky. 2. A lymphatic vessel that conveys chyle from the intestine.chyle vessel, lacteal vessel;
central l. the blindly ending lymphatic capillary in the center of an intestinal villus.

lactenin lactenin (lak´te-nin)

An antibacterial agent active against streptococci isolated from cow's milk.

lactescent lactescent (lak-tes´ent)

Resembling milk; milky.

lacti- lacti-

See lact-.

lactic lactic (lak´tik)

Relating to milk. [L. lac (lact-), milk]

lactic acid lactic acid

CH₃-CHOH-COOH; 2-hydroxypropionic acid;a normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. In pure form, a syrupy, odorless, and colorless liquid obtained by the action of the l.a. bacillus on milk or milk sugar; in concentrated form, a caustic used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. A culture of the bacillus, or milk containing it, is usually given in place of the acid. l-L.a. is also known as sarcolactic acid.

lactic acid dehydrogenase lactic acid dehydrogenase

lactate dehydrogenase

lactic acidemia lactic acidemia (lak´tik-as-i-de´me-a)

The presence of dextrorotatory lactic acid in the circulating blood.lactacidemia; [lactic acid + G. haima, blood]

lactic acid oxidative decarboxylase lactic acid oxidative decarboxylase

lactate 2-mono-oxygenase

lactiferous lactiferous (lak-tif´er-us)

Yielding milk.lactigerous; [lacti- + L. fero, to bear]

lactifugal lactifugal (lak-tif´yu-gal)

lactifuge (1)

lactifuge lactifuge (lak´ti-fyuj)

1. Causing arrest of the secretion of milk.lactifugal; 2. An agent having such an effect.phygogalactic; [lacti- + L. fugo, to drive away]

lactigenous lactigenous (lak-tij´e-nus)

Producing milk. [lacti- + -gen, producing]

lactigerous lactigerous (lak-tij´er-us)

lactiferous [lacti- + L. gero, to carry]

lactim lactim (-tim)

See lactam.

lactimorbus lactimorbus (lak-ti-mor´bus)

milk sickness [lacti- + L. morbus, disease]

lactinated lactinated (lak´ti-na-ted)

Prepared with or containing milk sugar.

lacto- lacto-

See lact-.

Lactobacillaceae Lactobacillaceae (lak´to-bas´i-la´se-e)

A family of anaerobic to facultatively anaerobic, ordinarily nonmotile bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing straight or curved, Gram-positive rods which usually occur singly or in chains; motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms have complex organic nutritional requirements; they produce lactic acid from carbohydrates. They are found in fermenting animal and plant products where carbohydrates are available; they are also found in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract of various warm-blooded animals, including humans. Only a few species are pathogenic. The type genus is Lactobacillus.

lactobacilli lactobacilli (lak-to-ba-sil´I)

Plural of lactobacillus.

lactobacillic acid lactobacillic acid (lak´to-ba-sil´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₄CH₂-CH-CH-(CH₂)₉COOH; (1R-cis)-2-hexycyclopropanedecanoic acid;a major constituent of the lipids of lactobacilli; notable for the presence of a cyclopropane ring in the molecule.

Lactobacillus Lactobacillus (lak-to-ba-sil´us)

A genus of microaerophilic or anaerobic, nonsporeforming, ordinarily nonmotile bacteria (family Lactobacillaceae) containing Gram-positive rods which vary from long and slender cells to short coccobacilli; chains are commonly produced, especially in the later part of the logarithmic phase of growth. These organisms possess complex nutritional requirements, generally characteristic for each species; metabolism is fermentative and at least half of the end product is lactic acid. They are found in dairy products and effluents to grain and meat products, water, sewage, beer, wine, fruits and fruit juices, pickled vegetables, and in sour dough and mash, and are part of the normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many warm-blooded animals, including humans; rarely are they pathogenic. The type species is L. delbrueckii. [lacto- + bacillus]
L. acidoph´ilus a species found in the feces of milk-fed infants and also in the feces of older persons on a high milk-, lactose-, or dextrin-containing diet.
L. bi´fidus former name for Bifidobacterium bifidum.
L. bi´fidus subsp. pennsylva´nicus former name for Bifidobacterium bifidum.
L. bre´vis a species widely distributed in nature, especially in plant and animal products; it is also found in the mouth and intestinal tract of humans and rats.
L. buch´neri a species widely distributed in fermenting substances.
L. bulgar´icus a species used in the production of yogurt.
L. ca´sei a species found in milk and cheese.
L. catenafor´mis an anaerobic species found in the intestines and pulmonary cavities of humans.
L. cellobio´sus L. fermentum
L. confu´sus a species found in cow dung.
L. coproph´ilus former name for Lactobacillus confusus.
L. corynifor´mis a species found primarily in silage but also in cow dung and dairy barn air.
L. crispa´tus a species found in pus from a dental abscess.
L. curva´tus a species found in cow dung, dairy barn air, silage, milk, and in a case of endocarditis.
L. delbrueck´ii a species found in fermenting vegetables and grain mashes; it is the type species of the genus L.
L. fermen´tum a species found widely distributed in nature, especially in fermenting plant and animal products. Also found in the mouth of human beings.L. cellobiosus;
L. fructiv´orans a species isolated from spoiled mayonnaise and salad dressings.
L. helvet´icus a species found in sour milk and Swiss cheese.
L. heterohio´chi a species found in spoiled sake.
L. hilgar´dii a species isolated from California table wines.
L. homohio´chii a species found in spoiled sake.
L. jensen´ii a species isolated from human sources such as vaginal discharge and blood clot.
L. lac´tis a species found in milk and cheese; not pathogenic.
L. leichman´nii a species found in dairy and plant products.
L. planta´rum a species found in dairy products and environments, fermenting plants, silage, sauerkraut, pickled vegetables, spoiled tomato products, sour dough, cow dung, and the human mouth, intestinal tract, and stools.
L. saliva´rius a species found in the mouth and intestinal tract of the hamster, the mouth of humans, and the intestinal tract of the hen.
L. tricho´des a species found in wines containing 20% ethanol and in lees in California, Australia, France, and Spain; in California this organism is commonly referred to as the hair bacillus, cottony bacillus, cottony mold, or Fresno mold.
L. virides´cens a species found in discolored cured meat products such as sausage and bologna.

lactobacillus lactobacillus (lak-to-ba-sil´us)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Lactobacillus.

lactobutyrometer lactobutyrometer (lak´to-byu-ti-rom´e-ter)

A type of lactocrit. [lacto- + G. boutyron, butter, + metron, measure]

lactocele lactocele (lak´to-sel)

galactocele [lacto- + G. kele, tumor]

lactochrome lactochrome (lak´to-krom)

lactoflavin (1)

lactocrit lactocrit (lak´to-krit)

An instrument used to estimate the amount of butterfat in milk. [lacto- + G. krino, to separate]

lactodensimeter lactodensimeter (lak´to-den-sim´e-ter)

A type of galactometer. [lacto- + L. densus, thick, + G. metron, measure]

lactoferrin lactoferrin (lak´to-far-in)

A transferrin found in the milk of several mammalian species and thought to be involved in the transport of iron to erythrocytes; relatively high concentrations in human milk.

lactoflavin lactoflavin (lak´to-fla-vin)

1. The flavin in milk.lactochrome; 2. riboflavin

lactogen lactogen (lak´to-jen)

An agent that stimulates milk production or secretion. [lacto- + G. -gen, producing]
human placental l. (HPL) l. isolated from human placentas and structurally similar to somatotropin; its biological activity weakly mimics that of somatotropin and prolactin; secreted into maternal circulation; a deficiency of HPL during pregnancy leads to children having abnormal intrauterine and postnatal growth.choriomammotropin, chorionic "growth hormone-prolactin", human chorionic somatomammotropic hormone, human chorionic somatomammotropin, placenta protein, placental growth hormone, purified placental protein;

lactogenesis lactogenesis (lak-to-jen´e-sis)

Milk production. [lacto- + G. genesis, production]

lactogenic lactogenic (lak-to-jen´ik)

Pertaining to lactogenesis.

lactoglobulin lactoglobulin (lak-to-glob´yu-lin)

The globulin present in milk, comprising 50 to 60% of bovine whey protein.

lactometer lactometer (lak-tom´e-ter)

galactometer [lacto- + G. metron, measure]

lactonase lactonase (lak´to-nas)

gluconolactonase

lactone lactone (lak´ton)

An intramolecular organic anhydride formed from a hydroxyacid by the loss of water between an -OH and a -COOH group; a cyclic ester.

lactoperoxidase lactoperoxidase (lak´to-per-oks´i-das)

A peroxidase obtained from milk.

lactoprotein lactoprotein (lak-to-pro´ten)

Any protein normally present in milk.

lactorrhea lactorrhea (lak-to-re´a)

galactorrhea [lacto- + G. rhoia, a flow]

lactoscope lactoscope (lak´to-skop)

galactoscope [lacto- + G. skopeo, to view]

lactose lactose (lak´tos)

4-(beta-d-Galactosido)-d-glucose;a disaccharide present in mammalian milk, occurring naturally as a- and beta-l.; obtained from cow's milk and used in modified milk preparations, in food for infants and convalescents, and in pharmaceutical preparations; large doses act as an osmotic diuretic and as a laxative.milk sugar, saccharum lactis;
l. synthase the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of l., catalyzing the reaction between UDP-galactose and d-glucose to l. and UDP.

lactosuria lactosuria (lak´to-su´re-a)

Excretion of lactose (milk sugar) in the urine; a common finding during pregnancy and lactation, and in the newborn, especially premature babies. [lactose + G. ouron, urine, + -ia]

lactotherapy lactotherapy (lak-to-thar´a-pe)

galactotherapy

lactotropin lactotropin (lak-to-tro´pin)

prolactin

lactovegetarian lactovegetarian (lak´to-vej-e-ta´re-an)

One who lives on a mixed diet of milk and milk products, eggs, and vegetables, but eschews meat.

lactoylglutathione lyase lactoylglutathione lyase (lak´to-il-glu-ta-thI´on)

Glyoxalase I;a lyase cleaving S-d-lactoylglutathione to glutathione and methylglyoxal.aldoketomutase, ketone-aldehyde mutase, methylglyoxalase;

lactulose lactulose (lak´tu-los)

4-O-beta-d-Galactopyranosyl-d-fructose;a synthetic disaccharide used to treat hepatic encephalopathy and chronic constipation.

a-lactyl-thiamin pyrophosphate a-lactyl-thiamin pyrophosphate

active pyruvate

lacuna lacuna, pl. lacunae (la-ku´na, -ku´ne)

1. [NA] A small space, cavity, or depression. 2. A gap or defect. 3. An abnormal space between strata or between the cellular elements of the epidermis. 4. corneal space [L. a pit, dim. of lacus, a hollow, a lake]
cartilage l. a cavity within the matrix of cartilage, occupied by a chondrocyte.cartilage space;
cerebral l. a small circumscribed loss of brain tissue caused by occlusion of one of the small penetrating arteries.l. cerebri;
l. cer´ebri cerebral l
Howship's lacunae tiny depressions, pits, or irregular grooves in bone that is being resorbed by osteoclasts.resorption lacunae;
intervillous l. one of the blood spaces in the placenta into which the chorionic villi project.
lateral lacunae lateral venous lacunae
lacunae latera´les [NA] lateral venous lacunae
lateral venous lacunae lateral expansions of the superior sagittal sinus of the dura mater, often increasing in width with advancing age until, in the very old, they may extend two centimeters lateral to the midline; the endothelium-lined lumen of the lacunae are usually reduced to a spongelike labyrinth by numerous arachnoid granulations and dural trabeculae.lacunae laterales [NA], lateral lacunae, lateral lakes, parasinoidal sinuses;
l. mag´na a recess on the roof of the fossa navicularis of the penis, formed by a fold of mucous membrane, the valve of the navicular fossa.
Morgagni's l. urethral l
muscular l. the lateral compartment beneath the inguinal (Poupart's) ligament, for the passage of the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve; it is separated by the iliopectineal arch from the vascular lacuna.l. musculorum [NA];
l. musculo´rum [NA] muscular l
osseous l. a cavity in bony tissue occupied by an osteocyte.
l. pharyn´gis a depression near the pharyngeal opening of the auditory (eustachian) tube.
resorption lacunae Howship's lacunae
trophoblastic l. one of the spaces in the early syncytiotrophoblastic layer of the chorion before the formation of villi; in human embryos maternal blood enters these spaces by the 10th day; with the differentiation of the chorionic villi they become intervillous spaces, sometimes called intervillous lacunae.
urethral l. one of a number of little recesses in the mucous membrane of the spongy urethra into which empty the ducts of the urethral glands.l. urethralis [NA], Morgagni's l;
l. urethra´lis, pl. lacu´nae urethra´les [NA] urethral l
vascular l. the medial compartment beneath the inguinal ligament, for the passage to the femoral vessels; it is separated from the muscular l. by the iliopectineal arch.l. vasorum [NA];
l. vaso´rum [NA] vascular l

lacunar lacunar (la-ku´nar)

Relating to a lacuna.

lacunule lacunule (la-ku´nul)

A very small lacuna. [Mod. L. lacunula, dim. of L. lacuna]

lacus lacus, pl. lacus (la´kus)

A small collection of fluid.lake (1); [L. lake]
l. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal lake
l. semina´lis the vault of the vagina after insemination.seminal lake;

LAD LAD

Abbreviation for leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

Ladd Ladd

William E., U.S. pediatric surgeon, 1880-1967. See L.'s band, operation.

Ladd-Franklin Ladd-Franklin

Christine, U.S. psychologist, 1847-1930. See Ladd-Franklin theory.

Laelaps echidninus Laelaps echidninus (le´laps e-kid-nI´nus)

The spiny rat mite, a common worldwide ectoparasite of the wild Norway rat and occasionally found on the house mouse, cotton rat, and other rodents; it is the natural vector of Hepatozoon muris and can transmit the agent of tularemia experimentally. Junin virus has been isolated from this species in South America.

Laënnec Laënnec

René T.H., French physician, 1781-1826. See L.'s cirrhosis, pearls, under pearl.

laetrile laetrile (la´e-tril)

An allegedly antineoplastic drug consisting chiefly of amygdalin derived from apricot pits; its antitumor effect is unproven.

laev- laev-

See levo-.

Lafora Lafora

Gonzalo Rodriguez, Spanish neurologist, 1887-1971. See L. body, body disease; L.'s disease.

lag lag

1. To move or progress more slowly than normal; to fall behind. 2. The act or condition of falling behind. 3. The time interval between a change in one variable and a consequent change in another variable.
anaphase l. slowing or arrest in the normal migration of chromosomes during anaphase, resulting in such chromosomes being excluded from one of the daughter cells.
homeostatic l. the interval in a homeostatic process between a change of the trait controlled and the appropriate response, due to afferent, efferent, and central components. The l. may be a pure random variable, e.g., the waiting time of an exponential process or the sum of several such processes taking any value greater than zero but with a mean considerably greater than zero; sometimes it may be deterministic or almost so and with a minimum sharply defined and greater than zero for anatomical reasons. For instance, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are controlled in the lungs but based on afferent information obtained from the carotid body that is already dated because of the circulation time of ten seconds or so between the two sites.

lagena lagena, pl. lagenae (la-je´na, -je-ne)

1. cupular cecum of the cochlear duct 2. One of the three parts of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear of lower vertebrates; in mammals, the l. becomes the cochlea. [L. flask]

lagging lagging

Retarded or diminished ventilatory movement of the affected side of the chest due to pleural disease with muscle splinting or collapse of a lung.

lagomorph lagomorph (la´go-morf)

A member of the order Lagomorpha.

Lagomorpha Lagomorpha (la-go-mor´fa)

An order of herbivorous mammals (class Eutheria) resembling rodents (order Rodentia) but having two pairs of upper incisors one behind the other; it includes the rabbits, hares, and pikas. [G. lagos, hare, + morphe, form]

lagophthalmia lagophthalmia (lag-of-thal´me-a)

See lagophthalmos.

lagophthalmos lagophthalmos , lagophthalmia (lag-of-thal´mos, lag-of-thal´me-a)

A condition in which a complete closure of the eyelids over the eyeball is difficult or impossible. [G. lagos, hare + ophthalmos, eye]

Lagrange Lagrange

Pierre F., French ophthalmologist, 1857-1928.

Lahey Lahey

Frank H., U.S. surgeon, 1880-1935. See L. forceps.

LAK LAK

Abbreviation for lymphokine activated killer cells.

lake lake (lak)

1. lacus 2. To cause blood plasma to become red as a result of the release of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes, as when the latter are suspended in water. See also lacuna. [A.S. lacu, fr. L. lacus, lake]
capillary l. the total mass of blood contained in capillary vessels.
lacrimal l. the small cistern-like area of the conjunctiva at the medial angle of the eye, in which the tears collect after bathing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the conjunctival sac.lacus lacrimalis [NA], lacrimal bay;
lateral l.'s lateral venous lacunae, under lacuna
seminal l. lacus seminalis
subchorial l. subchorial space
venous l.'s 1. thin-walled collections of blood, resembling blood blisters, found commonly in the ears and less often on the lips and on the face and neck of elderly sun-damaged men; 2. discontinuous venous cavities or channels; Cf. marginal sinuses of placenta, under sinus. 3. in skull radiography, round to oval radiolucent foci in the frontal or parietal bones caused by dilated diploic venous channels.

Laki-Lorand factor Laki-Lorand factor

See under factor.

laky laky (la´ke)

Pertaining to the transparent bright red appearance of blood serum or plasma, developing as a result of hemoglobin being released from destroyed red blood cells.

laliatry laliatry (la-lI´a-tre)

The study and treatment of speech disorders. [G. lalia, speech, chatter, + iatria, cure]

laliophobia laliophobia (lal´e-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of speaking or stuttering. [G. lalia, speech, + phobos, fear]

Lallemand Lallemand

Claude F., French surgeon, 1790-1853. See L.'s bodies, under body; Trousseau-L. bodies, under body.

lalling lalling (lal´ing)

A form of stammering in which the speech is almost unintelligible. [G. laleo, to chatter]

Lallouette Lallouette

Pierre, French physician, 1711-1792. See L.'s pyramid.

lalochezia lalochezia (lal-o-ke´ze-a)

Emotional discharge gained by uttering indecent or filthy words. [G. lalia, speech, + chezo, to relieve oneself]

lalognosis lalognosis (lal´og-no´sis)

Understanding and knowledge of speech. [G. lalia, speech, + gnosis, knowledge]

laloplegia laloplegia (la-lo-ple´je-a)

Paralysis of the muscles concerned in the mechanism of speech. [G. lalia, speech, + plege, a stroke]

Lamarck Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste P.A., French botanist, zoologist, and biological philosopher, 1744-1829. See lamarckian theory.

Lamaze Lamaze

Fernand, French obstetrician, 1890-1957. See L. method.

LAMB LAMB

Acronym for lentigines, atrial myxoma, mucocutaneous myxomas, and blue nevi. See LAMB syndrome.

Lam B Lam B

Outer membrane protein of Gram-negative bacteria.

lambda lambda (lam´da)

1. The 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, lambda. 2. The craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures.

lambdacism lambdacism (lam´da-sizm)

1. Mispronunciation or disarticulation of the letter l. 2. Substitution of the letter l for the letter r. [G. lambda, the letter L]

lambdoid lambdoid (lam´doyd)

Resembling the Greek letter lambda, as does the lambdoid suture. [lambda + G. eidos, resemblance]

Lambert Lambert

Edward H., U.S. physician, *1915. See L.-Eaton syndrome; Eaton-L. syndrome.

lambert lambert

A unit of brightness; the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface emitting or reflecting a total luminous flux of 1 lumen per sq cm of surface. [J.H. Lambert, German physicist and mathematician, 1728-1777]

Lamblia intestinalis Lamblia intestinalis (lam´ble-a in-tes-ti-na´lis)

Old term for Giardia lamblia, though still frequently used, especially by protozoologists in the former Soviet Union.

lambliasis lambliasis (lam-blI´a-sis)

giardiasis

lambo lambo lambo lambo (lam´bo-lam´bo)

myositis purulenta tropica

Lambrinudi Lambrinudi

Constantine, British orthopaedic surgeon, 1890-1943. See Lambrinudi operation.

lamella lamella, pl. lamellae (la-mel´a, -mel´e)

1. A thin sheet or layer, such as occurs in compact bone. 2. A preparation in the form of a medicated gelatin disc, used as a means of making local applications to the conjunctiva in place of solutions.discus [NA], disc (2), disk (1); [L. dim. of lamina, plate, leaf]
annulate lamellae several pairs of parallel, smooth membranes, each pair containing regularly spaced pores resembling those of the nuclear envelope; they occur in germ cells, embryonic cells, and neoplastic cells.
articular l. the compact layer of bone on its articular surface that is firmly attached to the overlying articular cartilage.
l. of bone a concentric, circumferential, or interstitial l.
circumferential l. a bony l. that encircles the outer or inner surface of a bone.
concentric l. one of the concentric tubular layers of bone surrounding the central canal in an osteon.haversian l;
cornoid l. a narrow vertical column of parakeratosis in the epidermal stratum corneum; characteristic of porokeratosis.
elastic l. a thin sheet or membrane composed of elastic fibers; distinguished from elastic membrane, which usually refers to a condensed mass of fibers, as in an artery, whereas an elastic l. may be a looser elastic layer such as found in a vein or the respiratory tract.
enamel l. an organic defect in enamel; a thin, leaflike structure that extends from the enamel surface toward the dentinoenamel junction.
glandulopreputial l. a layer of embryonic epithelial tissue that gives rise to the prepuce.
ground l. interstitial l
haversian l. concentric l
intermediate l. interstitial l
interstitial l. one of the lamellae of partially resorbed osteons occurring between newer, complete osteons.ground l., intermediary system, intermediate l;
triangular l. choroid tela of third ventricle
vitreous l. lamina basalis choroideae

lamellar lamellar (lam´e-lar, la-mel´ar)

1. Arranged in thin plates or scales.lamellate, lamellated; 2. Relating to lamellae.

lamellate lamellate , lamellated (lam´e-lat, -ed)

lamellar (1)

lamellipodium lamellipodium, pl. lamellipodia (la-mel-i-po´de-um, -a)

A cytoplasmic veil produced on all sides of migrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

lamina lamina, pl. laminae (lam´i-na, lam´i-ne) [NA]

Thin plate or flat layer. See also layer, stratum. [L]
l. affix´a [NA] that part of the medial ependymal wall of the lateral ventricle of the embryonic brain that in later development becomes adherent to the superior surface of the thalamus and thus comes to form the floor of the central part of the lateral ventricle; it covers the thalamostriate and choroidal veins.
l. ala´ris [NA] alar l. of neural tube
alar l. of neural tube the dorsal division of the lateral walls of the neural tube in the embryo; it gives rise to neurons relaying afferent impulses to higher centers; in the adult such neurons compose the sensory nuclei of the spinal cord and brainstem.l. alaris [NA], alar plate of neural tube, dorsolateral plate of neural tube, l. dorsalis, wing plate;
lam´inae al´bae cerebel´li [NA] layers of white substance seen on section of the cerebellum.laminae medullares cerebelli;
l. ante´rior vagi´nae mus´culi rec´ti abdo´minis [NA] anterior layer of rectus abdominis sheath
l. ar´cus ver´tebrae [NA] l. of vertebral arch
basal l. 1. an amorphous extracellular layer applied to the basal surface of epithelium and also investing muscle cells, fat cells, and Schwann cells; thought to be a selective filter and to serve both structural and morphogenetic functions. It is comprised of a 20-100 nm network of file filaments called the l. densa which appears dense in the electron microscope, and on either side of this layer is a less dense layer called the l. rarae; See also basement membrane, l. densa. 2. l. densa
basal l. of choroid l. basalis choroideae
basal l. of ciliary body the inner layer of the ciliary body, continuous with the basal layer of the choroid and supporting the pigment epithelium of the ciliary retina.l. basalis corporis ciliaris [NA], basal layer of ciliary body;
basal l. of cochlear basilar membrane
l. basa´lis [NA] basal l. of neural tube
l. basa´lis choroi´deae [NA] the transparent, nearly structureless inner layer of the choroid in contact with the pigmented layer of the retina.basal l. of choroid, basal layer of choroid, Bruch's membrane, Henle's membrane, l. vitrea, vitreous lamella, vitreous membrane (3);
l. basa´lis cor´poris cilia´ris [NA] basal l. of ciliary body
basal l. of neural tube the ventral division of the lateral walls of the neural tube in the embryo; it contains neuroblasts giving rise to somatic and visceral motor neurons.l. basalis [NA], basal plate of neural tube, l. ventralis, ventral plate of neural tube;
basal l. of semicircular duct basal membrane of semicircular duct
basement l. basement membrane
basilar l. basilar membrane
l. basila´ris coch´leae [NA] basilar membrane
boundary l. a basement membrane-like structure that invests muscle cells, fat cells, and Schwann cells. See also basement membrane, basal l.
l. cartilag´inis cricoi´deae [NA] l. of cricoid cartilage
l. cartilag´inis latera´lis tubae auditivae [NA] * official alternate term for lateral l. of cartilaginous auditory tube
l. cartilag´inis media´lis tubae auditivae [NA] * official alternate term for medial l. of cartilaginous auditory tube, medial l. of cartilaginous auditory tube
l. cartilag´inis thyroi´deae [NA] l. of thyroid cartilage
l. choriocapilla´ris choriocapillary layer
l. choroi´dea epithelial l
l. choroi´dea epithelia´lis epithelial l
l. choroidocapilla´ris [NA] choriocapillary layer
l. cine´rea l. terminalis of cerebrum
l. cribro´sa os´sis ethmoida´lis [NA] cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
l. cribro´sa scle´rae the portion of the sclera through which pass the fibers of the optic nerve.cribrous l., perforated layer of sclera;
cribrous l. l. cribrosa sclerae
l. of cricoid cartilage a quadrate plate forming the posterior part of the cricoid cartilage. It resembles the shield of a signet ring, the arch of the cricoid representing the remainder of the ring.l. cartilaginis cricoideae [NA];
deep l. deep layer
l. den´sa 1. the electron-dense layer of the basal l. as seen in the electron microscope; See also basement membrane. 2. the extraordinarily thick basal l. of the renal glomerulus.basal l. (2);
dental l. dental ledge
l. denta´ta vestibular labium of limbus of spiral lamina
dentogingival l. dental ledge
l. dorsa´lis alar l. of neural tube
l. du´ra the hard layer lining the dental alveoli.
l. elas´tica ante´rior anterior limiting layer of cornea
l. elas´tica poste´rior posterior limiting layer of cornea
elastic laminae of arteries 1) external: the layer of elastic connective tissue lying immediately outside the smooth muscle of the tunica media; 2) internal: a fenestrated layer of elastic tissue of the tunica intima.elastic layers of arteries, Henle's fenestrated elastic membrane;
episcleral l. the delicate moveable layer of loose connective tissue between the external surface of the sclera and the fascial sheath of the eyeball.l. episcleralis [NA];
l. episclera´lis [NA] episcleral l
epithelial l. the layer of modified ependymal cells that forms the inner layer of the tela choroidea, facing the ventricle.l. epithelialis [NA], epithelial choroid layer, l. choroidea epithelialis, l. choroidea;
l. epithelia´lis [NA] epithelial l
l. exter´na cra´nii [NA] outer table of skull
l. fibrocartilagin´ea interpu´bica interpubic disc
l. fibroreticula´ris a layer of the basement membrane in continuity with associated connective tissue; it is often discontinuous and may be lacking entirely in some cases.
l. fusca of sclera an exceedingly delicate layer of loose, pigmented connective tissue on the inner surface of the sclera, connecting it with the choroid.l. fusca sclerae [NA], brown layer, membrana fusca;
l. fus´ca scle´rae [NA] l. fusca of sclera
hepatic laminae the plates of liver cells that radiate from the center of the liver lobule.
l. horizonta´lis os´sis palati´ni [NA] horizontal plate of palatine bone
l. inter´na cra´nii [NA] inner table of skull
internal medullary l. See medullary laminae of thalamus.
l. internal ossium cranii vitreous table
iridopupillary l. embryonic precursor of the anterior stroma of the iris which forms the inner (posterior or deep) wall of the primary anterior chamber of the eye. Its central portion becomes attenuated as the pupillary membrane (membrane pupillaris [NA]).
labiogingival l. a band of ectodermal epithelial cells growing into the mesenchyme of the embryonic jaws between the developing lip and the growing gingival elevation; it later opens to form the labiogingival groove.
lateral l. of cartilaginous auditory tube the narrow lateral portion of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube.l. lateralis cartilaginis tubae auditivae [NA], l. cartilaginis lateralis tubae auditivae [NA], lateral cartilaginous layer, lateral layer of cartilaginous auditory tube;
l. latera´lis cartila´ginis tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] lateral l. of cartilaginous auditory tube
l. latera´lis proces´sus pterygoid´ei [NA] lateral pterygoid plate
lateral medullary l. of corpus striatum a thin, sharply defined layer of fibers separating the putamen from the globus pallidus.l. medullaris lateralis corporis striati [NA];
l. of lens one of a series of concentric layers composed of the lens fibers that make up the substance of the lens.
l. lim´itans ante´rior cor´neae [NA] anterior limiting layer of cornea
l. lim´itans poste´rior cor´neae [NA] posterior limiting layer of cornea
l. lu´cida the lightly staining layer of the basement membrane in contact with the plasmalemma of epithelial cells or other cells having an investment of basement membrane.
medial l. of cartilaginous auditory tube the broad medial portion of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube.l. medialis cartilaginis tubae auditivae [NA], l. cartilaginis medialis tubae auditivae [NA], medial cartilaginous layer, medial layer of cartilaginous auditory tube;
l. media´lis cartila´ginis tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] medial l. of cartilaginous auditory tube
l. media´lis proces´sus pterygoi´dei [NA] medial pterygoid plate
medial medullary l. of corpus striatum a fiber layer separating the medial and lateral segments of the globus pallidus.l. medullaris medialis corporis striati [NA];
lam´inae medulla´res cerebel´li laminae albae cerebelli
lam´inae medulla´res thal´ami [NA] medullary laminae of thalamus
l. medulla´ris latera´lis cor´poris stria´ti [NA] lateral medullary l. of corpus striatum
l. medulla´ris media´lis cor´poris stria´ti [NA] medial medullary l. of corpus striatum
medullary laminae of thalamus layers of myelinated fibers that appear on transverse sections of the thalamus; the l. medullaris externa marks the ventral and lateral borders of the thalamus and delimits it from the subthalamus and reticular nucleus of thalamus; the l. medullaris interna is interposed between the mediodorsal and ventral nuclei of the thalamus and encloses the intralaminar nuclei (centromedian, paracentral, and central lateral nuclei).laminae medullares thalami [NA], medullary layers of thalamus;
l. membrana´cea cartila´ginis tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] membranous l. of cartilaginous auditory tube
membranous l. of cartilaginous auditory tube the connective tissue membrane that, with the lateral l., completes the lateral and inferior walls of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube.l. membranacea cartilaginis tubae auditivae [NA], membranous layer;
l. of mesencephalic tectum the roofplate of the mesencephalon formed by the quadrigeminal bodies.l. tecti mesencephali [NA], tectum mesencephali [NA], l. quadrigemina, quadrigeminal l., quadrigeminal plate;
l. modi´oli [NA] plate of modiolus
l. muscula´ris muco´sae [NA] muscularis mucosae
nuclear l. a protein-rich layer lining the inner surface of the nuclear membrane in interphase cells.
orbital l. of ethmoid bone orbital plate of ethmoid bone
l. orbita´lis os´sis ethmoida´lis [NA] orbital plate of ethmoid bone
osseous spiral l. a double plate of bone winding spirally around the modiolus dividing the spiral canal of the cochlea incompletely into two, scala tympani and scala vestibuli; between the two plates of this l. the fibers of the cochlear nerve reach the spiral organ (of Corti).l. spiralis ossea [NA], spiral plate;
l. papyra´cea orbital plate of ethmoid bone
l. parieta´lis [NA] parietal layer
l. parietalis pericar´dii parietal layer of serous pericardium
l. parietalis tu´nicae vagina´lis tes´tis parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
periclaustral l. external capsule
l. perpendicula´ris [NA] perpendicular plate
l. perpendicula´ris os´sis ethmoida´lis [NA] perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
l. perpendicula´ris os´sis palati´ni [NA] perpendicular plate of palatine bone
l. poste´rior vagi´nae mus´culi rec´ti abdo´minis [NA] posterior layer of rectus abdominis sheath
l. pretrachea´lis [NA] pretracheal fascia
l. prevertebra´lis [NA] prevertebral fascia
primary dental l. dental ledge
l. profun´da [NA] deep layer
l. profunda fas´ciae tempora´lis deep layer of temporalis fascia
l. profunda mus´culi levato´ris palpe´brae superio´ris deep layer of levator palpebrae superioris muscle
lamina l. the layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium of a mucous membrane.l. propria mucosae [NA];
l. pro´pria muco´sae [NA] lamina l
lamina l. of semicircular duct the meshwork of connective tissue fibers between the semicircular duct and the bony semicircular canal; it encloses the perilymph in its spaces.membrana propria ductus semicircularis [NA];
pterygoid laminae See lateral pterygoid plate, medial pterygoid plate.
l. quadrigem´ina l. of mesencephalic tectum
quadrigeminal l. l. of mesencephalic tectum
l. ra´ra the relatively electron-lucent layer on either side of the l. densa of the basement membrane.
reticular l. a major component of the basement membrane, as seen by light microscopy; it consists largely of reticular fibers and ground substances.
l. of Rexed a division of the gray matter of the spinal cord into nine laminae (I-IX) and a gray area around the central canal (area X) based on cytoarchitectural features; the dorsal (posterior) horn is composed of laminae I-VI, the intermediate zone of lamina VII, and the ventral horn of laminae VIII and IX; general correlation of laminae with major nuclei: I, posteromarginal nucleus; II, substantia gelatinosa; III, IV, nucleus proprius (posterior); V, VI, nucleus proprius (anterior); VII, Clarke's nucleus, intermediolateral cell column; VIII, commissural nuclei, interneurons; IX, motor nuclei of ventral horn.
rostral l. a whitish line appearing on perfectly median sections of the brain as a thin bridge connecting the rostrum of the corpus callosum with the lamina terminalis; the rostral l. contains no commissural fibers; instead, it corresponds to the line along which the pia mater reflects from the medial surface of one hemisphere to that of the other.l. rostralis, rostral layer, teniola corporis callosi;
l. rostra´lis rostral l
secondary spiral l. a ridge on the outer wall of the first turn of the cochlea opposite the spiral l.l. spiralis secundaria [NA], secondary spiral plate;
l. sep´ti pellu´cidi [NA] l. of septum pellucidum
l. of septum pellucidum one of the two thin layers of the transparent septum, which extend from the corpus callosum to the fornix; often separated from each other by a space, the cavity of septum pellucidum.l. septi pellucidi [NA];
l. spira´lis os´sea [NA] osseous spiral l
l. spira´lis secunda´ria [NA] secondary spiral l
substantia l. of cornea proper substance of cornea, modified transparent connective tissue, between the layers of which are open spaces or lacunae nearly filled with the corneal cells or corpuscles.substantia propria corneae [NA];
superficial l. superficial layer
l. superficia´lis [NA] superficial layer
l. superficia´lis fas´ciae cervica´lis [NA] investing layer of deep cervical fascia
l. superficia´lis fas´ciae tempora´lis [NA] superficial layer of temporalis fascia
l. superficia´lis mus´culi levato´ris pal´pebrae superio´ris [NA] superficial layer of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
suprachoroid l. a layer of loose, pigmented connective tissue on the outer surface of the choroid, resembling and attached to the l. fusca sclerae.l. suprachoroidea [NA], ectochoroidea, suprachoroid layer, suprachoroidea;
l. suprachoroi´dea [NA] suprachoroid l
l. supraneuropor´ica that part of the choroid membrane of the third ventricle that forms the roof of the foramen of Monro.
l. tec´ti mesenceph´ali [NA] l. of mesencephalic tectum
l. termina´lis cer´ebri [NA] l. terminalis of cerebrum
l. terminalis of cerebrum a thin plate passing upward from the optic chiasm and forming the rostral boundary of the third ventricle; membrane closing the rostral neuropore.l. terminalis cerebri [NA], l. cinerea, terminal plate, velum terminale;
l. of thyroid cartilage one of the paired (dextra et sinistra) thin quadrilateral plates of the thyroid cartilage that are joined anteriorly and form an open angle posteriorly.l. cartilaginis thyroideae [NA];
l. tra´gi [NA] l. of tragus
l. of tragus a longitudinal curved plate of cartilage, the beginning of the cartilaginous portion of the external acoustic meatus.l. tragi [NA];
vascular l. of choroid the outer portion of the choroid of the eye containing the largest blood vessels.l. vasculosa choroideae [NA], Haller's vascular tissue, uvaeformis, vascular layer of choroid coat of eye, vascular layer;
l. vasculo´sa choroi´deae [NA] vascular l. of choroid
l. ventra´lis basal l. of neural tube
l. of vertebral arch the flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch extending between the pedicles and the midline, forming the dorsal wall of the vertebral foramen, and from the midline junction of which the spinous process extends.l. arcus vertebrae [NA], neurapophysis;
l. viscera´lis [NA] visceral layer
l. viscera´lis pericar´dii [NA] visceral layer of serous pericardium
l. viscera´lis tu´nicae vagina´lis tes´tis [NA] visceral layer of tunica vaginalis of testis
l. vit´rea l. basalis choroideae

laminagram laminagram (lam´i-na-gram)

An image made by laminagraphy.

laminagraph laminagraph (lam´i-na-graf)

A device for laminagraphy; a laminagram.

laminagraphy laminagraphy , laminography (lam´i-nahg´ra-fe, lam´i-nog-ra-fe)

Radiographic technique in which the images of tissues above and below the plane of interest are blurred out by movement of the x-ray tube and film holder, to show a specific area more clearly. See also tomography. [lamina + G. graphe, a writing]

laminar laminar (lam´i-nar)

1. Arranged in plates or laminae.laminated; 2. Relating to any lamina.

laminaria laminaria (lam-i-na´re-a)

Sterile rod made of kelp (genus Laminaria) which is hydrophilic, and, when placed in the cervical canal, absorbs moisture, swells, and gradually dilates the cervix. [L. lamina, a blade]

laminarin laminarin (lam-i-nar´in)

An algal polysaccharide, made up chiefly of beta-d-glucose residues, obtained from Laminaria species (family Laminariaceae); variable proportions of the glucose chains contain at the potential reducing end a molecule of mannitol that can be sulfated.
l. sulfate l. sulfated to varying degrees; two sulfate groups per glucose unit results in maximum stability and anticoagulant activity similar to that of heparin; l. with fewer sulfate groups has only antilipemic activity.

laminated laminated (lam´i-nat-ed)

laminar (1)

lamination lamination (lam-i-na´shun)

1. An arrangement in the form of plates or laminae. 2. Embryotomy by removing the fetal head in slices.

laminectomy laminectomy (lam´i-nek´to-me)

Excision of a vertebral lamina; commonly used to denote removal of the posterior arch.rachitomy, spondylotomy; [L. lamina, layer, + G. ektome, excision]

laminin laminin (lam´i-nin)

A large multimeric glycoprotein component of the basement membrane; particularly its unstained laminae; a major protein component of the laminae of the renal glomerulus.

laminitis laminitis (lam-i-nI´tis)

1. Inflammation of any lamina. 2. A painful inflammation of the sensitive lamina to which the hoof of the horse is attached.founder (2);

laminography laminography (lam´i-nog-ra-fe)

See laminagraphy.

laminotomy laminotomy (lam´i-not´o-me)

An operation on one or more vertebral laminae.rachiotomy; [L. lamina, layer, + G. tome, incision]

lamins lamins (lam´inz)

Fibrous network associated with the inner membranes of cell nuclei, composed of polypeptides of varying molecular weights (60,000-80,000) and classified as A, B, C, etc. on the basis of physical properties; the phosphorylation of l. is associated with mitosis.

lamotrigine lamotrigine (la-mo´trI-jen)

New structural class of antiepileptics; an anticonvulsant which appears in preclinical studies to resemble phenytoin.

lamp lamp

Illuminating device; source of light. See also light.
annealing l. an alcohol l. with a soot-free flame used in dentistry to drive off the protective NH₃ gas coating from the surface of cohesive gold foil.
Edridge-Green l. a lantern used to test recognition of colored signals; it displays a single light with color filters in rotating disks that can be modified to simulate conditions of weather and atmosphere. This test for color blindness was officially adopted in Great Britain in 1915 in place of the Holmgren wool test, but is now seldom used.
heat l. a l. that emits infrared light and produces heat; used to apply topical heat to the skin.thermolamp;
Kromayer's l. a U-shaped quartz l. of mercury vapor, giving out actinic rays; used in the treatment of skin diseases.
mercury vapor l. a l. in which the electric arc is in an ionized mercury vapor atmosphere; it produces ultraviolet light that can be used therapeutically or in diagnostic photometry.
mignon l. a minute electric light used in various endoscopic instruments.
slit l. a combination of a microscope and a narrow beam of collimated light, used to examine the eye.
spirit l. a l., used mainly for heating in laboratory work, in which alcohol is burned.
tungsten arc l. a l. having highly compressed tungsten elements.
ultraviolet l. a l. that emits rays in the ultraviolet band of the spectrum. See also ultraviolet.
uviol l. an electric l. with uviol glass, furnishing especially violet rays; used in phototherapy.
Wood's l. an ultraviolet l. with a nickel oxide filter that only passes light with a maximal wavelength of about 3660 Å; used to detect by fluorescence hairs infected with species M. audouinii, M. canis, var. distortum, or M. ferrugineum, producing greenish-yellow fluorescence.

Lamy Lamy

Maurice, French physician, 1895-1975. See Maroteaux-L. syndrome.

lana lana, gen and pl. lanae (lan´a, lan´e)

wool [L.]

lanatoside D lanatoside D (la-nat´o-sId)

A digitales glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata, yielding the genin diginatigenin (12-hydroxygitoxigenin; 16-hydroxydigoxigenin).

lanatosides A, B, and C lanatosides A, B, and C (la-nat´o-sIdz)

Digilanides A, B, and C; the cardioactive precursor glycosides obtained from Digitalis lanata. Removal of the acetyl group yields desacetyllanatosides A, B, and C (purpurea glycosides A, B, and C, respectively); removal of the glucose from lanatosides A, B, and C yields acetyldigitoxin, acetylgitoxin, and acetyldigoxin, respectively; removal of glucose and the acetyl group yields digitoxin, gitoxin, and digoxin, respectively. See also purpurea glycosides A.

lance lance (lans)

1. To incise a part, as an abscess or boil. 2. A lancet. [L. lancea, a slender spear]

Lancefield Lancefield

Rebecca Craighill, U.S. bacteriologist, *1895. See L. classification.

lancet lancet (lan´set)

A surgical knife with a short, wide, sharp-pointed, two-edged blade. [Fr. lancette]
gum l. a l. used for incising the gum over the crown of an erupting tooth.
spring l. a l. with a handle containing a blade that is activated by a spring.
thumb l. a l. with short flat blade which folds back, when closed, between two plates of the handle.

lancinating lancinating (lan´si-nat´ing)

Denoting a sharp cutting or tearing pain. [L. lancino, pp. -atus, to tear]

Lancisi Lancisi

Giovanni M., Italian physician, 1654-1720. See L.'s sign; striae lancisi, under stria.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome Landau-Kleffner syndrome

See under syndrome.

Landolfi's sign Landolfi's sign

See under sign.

Landolt Landolt

Edmund, French ophthalmologist, 1846-1926. See L.'s bodies, under body.

Landouzy Landouzy

Louis T.J., French neurologist, 1845-1917. See L.-Dejerine dystrophy; L.-Grasset law.

Landry Landry

Jean B.O., French physician, 1826-1865. See L.'s paralysis; L. syndrome; L.-Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Landschutz tumor Landschutz tumor

See under tumor.

Landsteiner Landsteiner

Karl, Austrian-U.S. pathologist and Nobel laureate, 1868-1943. See L.-Donath test; Donath-L. cold autoantibody, phenomenon.

Landström Landström

John, Swedish surgeon, 1869-1910. See L.'s muscle.

Landzert Landzert

T., 19th century German anatomist. See L.'s fossa; Gruber-L. fossa.

Lane Lane

Sir W. Arbuthnot, English surgeon, 1856-1943. See L.'s band, disease, plates, under plate.

Lang Lang

Basil T., English ophthalmologist, 1880-1928.

Lange Lange

Carl F.A., German biochemist, *1883. See L.'s solution, test.

Lange Lange

Cornelia de. See under de Lange.

Lange Lange

Carl G., Danish psychologist, 1834-1900. See James-L. theory.

Langenbeck Langenbeck

Bernhard R.K. von, German surgeon, 1810-1887. See L.'s triangle.

Langendorff Langendorff

Oscar, German physiologist, 1853-1908. See L.'s method.

Lange-Nielsen Lange-Nielsen

F., 20th century Norwegian cardiologist. See Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome.

Langer Langer

Carl (Ritter von Edenberg), Austrian anatomist, 1819-1887. See L.'s arch, lines, under line, muscle.

Langerhans Langerhans

Paul, German anatomist, 1847-1888. See L.'s cells, under cell, granule, islands, under island; islets of L., under islet.

Langhans Langhans

Theodor, German pathologist, 1839-1915. See L.'s cells, under cell; L.'s-type giant cells, under cell; L.'s layer, stria.

Langley Langley

John N., English physiologist, 1852-1925. See L.'s granules, under granule.

Langmuir Langmuir

Irving, U.S. chemist and Nobel laureate, 1881-1957. See L. trough.

language language (lang´gwij)

Any means or form, vocal or other, of expression or communication. [L. lingua]
body l. 1. the expression of thoughts and feelings by means of nonverbal bodily movements, e.g., gestures, or via the symptoms of hysterical conversion; See kinesics. 2. communication by means of bodily signs.

laniary laniary (lan´i-ar-e)

Adapted for tearing; in anatomy, sometimes applied to canine teeth, as l. teeth. [L. laniarius, to tear to pieces]

lankamycin lankamycin (lan´ka-mI-sin)

Macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces violaceoniger from the soil of Ceylon.

Lannelongue Lannelongue

Odilon M., French surgeon and pathologist, 1840-1911. See L.'s foramina, under foramen, ligaments, under ligament.

lanolin lanolin (lan´o-lin)

adeps lanaewool fat; [L. lana, wool, + oleum, oil]
anhydrous l. l. that contains not more than 0.25% of water; used as a water-adsorbable ointment base.

lanosterol lanosterol (lan-o´ster-ol)

5a-Lanosta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol;a zoosterol synthesized from squalene and a precursor to cholesterol.

Lanterman Lanterman

A.J., 19th century U.S. anatomist in Strasbourg. See L.'s incisures, under incisure, segments, under segment; Schmidt-L. clefts, under cleft, incisures, under incisure.

lanthanic lanthanic (lan´tha-nik)

Rarely used term denoting a disease process that produces no symptoms or clinical evidence of illness. [G. lanthano, to lie hidden]

lanthanides lanthanides (lan´tha-nIdz)

Those elements with atomic numbers 57-71 which closely resemble one another chemically and were once difficult to separate from one another.rare earth elements; [lanthanum, first element of the series]

lanthanum (La) lanthanum (La) (lan´tha-num)

A metallic element, atomic no. 57, atomic wt. 138.9055; first of the rare earth elements (lanthanides). [G. lanthanein, to lie hidden]
l. nitrate La(NO₃)₃;used in electron microscopy as a stain for extracellular mucopolysaccharides.

lanthionine lanthionine (lan-thI´o-nen)

S(CH₂-CH(NH₃)⁺-COO^-)₂; 3,3´-thiodialanine;an amino acid obtained from wood which resembles cystine but has only one sulfur atom in the molecule rather than two; i.e., a sulfide rather than a disulfide.

lanuginous lanuginous (la-nu´ji-nus)

Covered with lanugo.

lanugo lanugo (la-nu´go) [NA]

Fine, soft, lightly pigmented fetal hair with minute shafts and large papillae; it appears toward the end of the third month of gestation.lanugo hair; [L. down, wooliness, from lana, wool]

Lanz Lanz

Otto, Swiss surgeon in Amsterdam, 1865-1935. See L.'s line.

LAO LAO

Abbreviation for left anterior oblique projection, used in chest radiography, especially to assess the size of the left atrium and ventricle.

LAP LAP

Abbreviation for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. See alkaline phosphatase.

laparectomy laparectomy (lap´a-rek´to-me)

Excision of strips or gores from the abdominal wall and suture of the edges of the wounds, in cases of abnormal laxity of the abdominal muscles. [laparo- + G. ektome, excision]

laparo- laparo-

The loins (less properly, the abdomen in general). [G. lapara, flank, loins]

laparocele laparocele (lap´a-ro-sel)

abdominal hernia [laparo- + G. kele, hernia]

laparogastroscopy laparogastroscopy (lap´a-ro-gas-tros´ko-pe)

Inspection of interior of the stomach after a gastrotomy. [laparo- + G. gaster, stomach, + skopeo, to view]

laparohysterectomy laparohysterectomy (lap´a-ro-his-ter-ek´to-me)

abdominal hysterectomy

laparohystero-oophorectomy laparohystero-oophorectomy (lap´a-ro-his´ter-o-o-of´o-rek´to-me)

Removal of the uterus and ovaries through an incision in the abdominal wall. [laparo- + G. hystera, uterus, + oophorectomy]

laparohysteropexy laparohysteropexy (lap´a-ro-his´ter-o-pek-se)

abdominal hysteropexy [laparo- + G. hystera, uterus, + pexis, fixation]

laparohysterosalpingo-oophorectomy laparohysterosalpingo-oophorectomy (lap´a-ro-his´ter-o-sal´pin-go-o´of-or-ek´to-me)

Removal of uterus and adnexa (tubes and ovaries) through an abdominal incision.

laparohysterotomy laparohysterotomy (lap´a-ro-his-te-rot´o-me)

abdominal hysterotomy [laparo- + G. hystera, uterus, + tome, incision]

laparomyomectomy laparomyomectomy (lap´a-ro-mI-o-mek´to-me)

abdominal myomectomy

laparomyositis laparomyositis (lap´a-ro-mI´o-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the lateral abdominal muscles. [laparo- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]

laparorrhaphy laparorrhaphy (lap´a-ror´a-fe)

celiorrhaphy

laparosalpingectomy laparosalpingectomy (lap´a-ro-sal-pin-jek´to-me)

abdominal salpingectomy

laparosalpingo-oophorectomy laparosalpingo-oophorectomy (lap´a-ro-sal´ping-go-o-of´o-rek´to-me)

Removal of the fallopian tube and ovary through an abdominal incision.abdominal salpingo-oophorectomy;

laparosalpingotomy laparosalpingotomy (lap´a-ro-sal-ping-got´o-me)

abdominal salpingotomy

laparoscope laparoscope (lap´a-ro-skop)

An endoscope for examining the peritoneal cavity.peritoneoscope; [laparo- + G. skopeo, to view]

laparoscopy laparoscopy (lap-a-ros´ko-pe)

Examination of the contents of the peritoneum with a laparoscope passed through the abdominal wall. See peritoneoscopy.The laparoscope is a type of endoscope, the earliest of which, dating from 150 years ago, was a crude tube down which lamplight was reflected. With the advent of fiberoptics in the 1960s and of high-intensity, low-heat, halogen bulbs in the 1970s, endoscopy became clinically practical. Typically, in laparoscopy, the abdomen is first inflated with carbon dioxide, and the laparoscope passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall. The device is frequently used to view the female reproductive organs, in particular where endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease is thought to be present, or infertility is suspected because of obstruction of the fallopian tubes by scarring (adhesions). Fitted with grasping and cutting tools, the laparoscope can perform minor surgery, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove eggs from the ovaries (as in gamete intrafallopian transfer). Often done on an ambulatory basis, laparoscopy is among the new techniques that have revolutionized modern surgery.
closed l. l. performed after insufflation of the abdominal cavity using a percutaneously placed needle.
open l. l. performed after insufflation of the abdomen using a trocar placed under direct vision after making a small celiotomy incision.

laparotomy laparotomy (lap´a-rot´o-me)

1. Incision into the loin. 2. celiotomy [laparo- + G. tome, incision]

laparotrachelotomy laparotrachelotomy (lap´a-ro-trak-e-lot´o-me)

A low cervical cesarean section. [laparo- + G. trachelos, neck, + tome, incision]

laparouterotomy laparouterotomy (lap´a-ro-yu-ter-ot´o-me)

abdominal hysterotomy [laparo- + uterus + G. tome, incision]

Lapicque Lapicque

Louis, French physiologist, 1866-1952. See L.'s law.

lapinization lapinization (lap´i-ni-za´shun)

Serial passage of a virus or vaccine in rabbits. [Fr. lapin, rabbit]

lapinized lapinized (lap´i-nIzd)

Denoting viruses which have been adapted to develop in rabbits by serial transfers in this species. [Fr. lapin, rabbit]

Laplace Laplace

Ernest, U.S. surgeon, 1861-1924. See L.'s forceps.

Laplace Laplace

Pierre S. de, French mathematician, 1749-1827. See L.'s law.

Laquer Laquer

Ernst, German physiologist, *1910. See L.'s stain for alcoholic hyalin.

larbish larbish

A form of creeping eruption observed in Senegal.

lard lard

adeps (2) [L. lardum]
benzoinated l. used as a lubricant, in the manufacture of soap, for oiling wool, and as an illuminant. Formerly used as an ointment base.

larkspur larkspur (lark´sper)

Delphinium ajacis

Laron Laron

Zvi, Israeli pediatric endocrinologist, *1927. See L. type dwarfism.

Laroyenne Laroyenne

Lucien, French surgeon, 1831-1902. See L.'s operation.

Larrey Larrey

Baron Dominique Jean de, French surgeon, 1766-1842. See L.'s amputation, cleft; L.-Weil disease.

Larsen Larsen

Loren J., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, *1914. See L.'s syndrome.

Larsson Larsson

Tage Konrad Leopold, Swedish scientist, *1905. See Sjögren-L. syndrome.

larva larva, pl. larvae (lar´va, lar´ve)

1. The wormlike developmental stage or stages of an insect or helminth that are markedly different from the adult and undergo subsequent metamorphosis; a grub, maggot, or caterpillar. 2. The second stage in the life cycle of a tick; the stage which hatches from the egg and, following engorgement, molts in the nymph. 3. The young of fishes or amphibians which often differ in appearance from the adult. [L. a mask]
filariform l. infective third-stage l. of the hookworm, Ascaris, and other nematodes with penetrating larvae or with larvae that migrate through the body to reach the intestine.
rhabditiform l. early developmental larval stages (first and second) of soil-borne nematodes such as Necator, Ancylostoma, and Strongyloides, which precede the infectious third-stage filariform l.

larvaceous larvaceous (lar-va´shus)

larvate

larva currens larva currens (lar´va kur´enz)

Cutaneous larva migrans caused by rapidly moving larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (up to 10 cm/hr), typically extending from the anal area down the upper thighs and observed as a rapidly progressing linear urticarial trail; may also be caused by zoonotic species of Strongyloides. [L. larva, mask + currens, racing]

larval larval (lar´val)

1. Relating to larvae. 2. larvate

larva migrans larva migrans (lar´va mI´granz)

A larval worm, typically a nematode, that wanders for a period in the host tissues but does not develop to the adult stage; this usually occurs in abnormal hosts that inhibit normal development of the parasite. [L. larva, mask, + migro, to transfer, migrate]
cutaneous l.m. an advancing serpiginous or netlike tunneling in the skin, with marked pruritus, caused by wandering hookworm larvae not adapted to intestinal maturation in man; especially common in the eastern and southern coastal U.S. and other tropical and subtropical coastal areas; various hookworms of dogs and cats have been implicated, chiefly Ancylostoma braziliense in the U.S., but also Ancylostoma caninum of dogs, Uncinaria stenocephala, the European dog hookworm, and Bunostomum phlebotomum, the cattle hookworm; Strongyloides species of animal origin may also contribute to human cutaneous l.m.creeping eruption;
ocular l.m. visceral l.m. involving the eyes, primarily of older children; clinical symptoms include decreased visual acuity and strabismus.
spiruroid l.m. extraintestinal migration by nematode larvae of the order Spiruroidea, not adapted to maturation in the human intestine; caused chiefly by species of Gnathostoma spinigerum and G. hispidum in Japan and Thailand, following ingestion of uncooked fish infected with encapsulated third-stage infective larvae, and possibly by ingestion of infected copepods (the first intermediate host) in contaminated drinking water; the anteriorly spined larvae produce serpiginous tunnels in the skin or may cause subcutaneous or pulmonary abscess, or may invade the eye or brain.
visceral l.m. a disease, chiefly of children, caused by ingestion of infective ova of Toxocara canis, less commonly by other ascarid nematodes not adapted to humans, whose larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the gut wall, and wander in the viscera (chiefly the liver) for periods of up to 18 or 24 months; may be asymptomatic or may be marked by hepatomegaly (with granulomatous lesions caused by encapsulated larvae in the enlarged liver), pulmonary infiltration, fever, cough, hyperglobulinemia, and sustained high eosinophilia.

larvate larvate (lar´vat)

Masked or concealed; applied to a disease with undeveloped, absent, or atypical symptoms.larvaceous, larval (2); [L. larva, mask]

larvicidal larvicidal (lar-vi-sI´dal)

Destructive to larvae.

larvicide larvicide (lar´vi-sId)

An agent that kills larvae. [larva + L. caedo, to kill]

larviparous larviparous (lar-vip´a-rus)

Larvae-bearing; denoting passage of larvae, rather than eggs, from the body of the female, as in certain nematodes and insects. [larva + L. pario, to bear]

larviphagic larviphagic (lar´vi-fa´jik)

Consuming larvae; certain l. fish are used in mosquito control. [larva + G. phago, to eat]

laryng- laryng-

See laryngo-.

laryngeal laryngeal (la-rin´je-al)

Relating in any way to the larynx.

laryngectomy laryngectomy (lar´in-jek´to-me)

Excision of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. ektome, excision]

larynges larynges (la-rin´jez)

Plural of larynx. [L.]

laryngismus laryngismus (lar-in-jiz´mus)

A spasmodic narrowing or closure of the rima glottidis. [L. fr. G. larynx, + -ismos, -ism]
l. strid´ulus a spasmodic closure of the glottis, lasting a few seconds, followed by a noisy inspiration. Cf. laryngitis stridulosa. pseudocroup, spasmus glottidis;

laryngitic laryngitic (lar-in-jit´ik)

Relating to or caused by laryngitis.

laryngitis laryngitis (lar-in-jI´tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. -itis, inflammation]
chronic subglottic l. chorditis vocalis inferior
croupous l. inflammation of the subglottic larynx associated with respiratory infection and croupy or noisy breathing.
membranous l. a form in which there is a pseudomembranous exudate on the vocal cords.
spasmodic l. l. stridulosa
l. stridulo´sa catarrhal inflammation of the larynx in children, accompanied by night attacks of spasmodic closure of the glottis, causing inspiratory stridor.spasmodic l;

laryngo- laryngo- , laryng-

The larynx. [G. larynx]

laryngocele laryngocele (la-ring´go-sel)

An air sac communicating with the larynx through the ventricle, often bulging outward into the tissue of the neck, especially during coughing. [laryngo- + G. kele, hernia]

laryngofissure laryngofissure (la-ring´go-fish´er)

Operative opening into the larynx, generally through the midline, commonly done for the excision of early carcinoma or the correction of laryngostenosis.median laryngotomy, thyrofissure, thyroidotomy, thyrotomy (2);

laryngograph laryngograph (la-ring´go-graf)

An instrument for making a tracing of the movements of the vocal folds. [laryngo- + G. grapho, to write]

laryngography laryngography (la-ring-og´-ra-fe)

Radiography of the larynx after coating mucosal surfaces with contrast material.

laryngology laryngology (lar´ing-gol´o-je)

The branch of medical science concerned with the larynx; the specialty of diseases of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. logos, study]

laryngomalacia laryngomalacia (la-ring´go-ma-la´she-a)

chondromalacia of larynx [laryngo- + G. malakia, a softness]

laryngoparalysis laryngoparalysis (la-ring´go-pa-ral´i-sis)

Paralysis of the laryngeal muscles.laryngoplegia;

laryngopharyngeal laryngopharyngeal (la-ring´go-fa-rin´je-al)

Relating to both larynx and pharynx or to the laryngopharynx.

laryngopharyngectomy laryngopharyngectomy (la-ring´go-far´in-jek´to-me)

Resection or excision of both larynx and pharynx.

laryngopharyngeus laryngopharyngeus (la-ring´go-far´in-je´us)

inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx [L.]

laryngopharyngitis laryngopharyngitis (la-ring´go-far-in-jI´tis)

Inflammation of the larynx and pharynx.

laryngopharynx laryngopharynx (la-ring´go-far-ingks)

The part of the pharynx lying below the aperture of the larynx and behind the larynx; it extends from the vestibule of the larynx to the esophagus at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.pars laryngea pharyngis [NA], hypopharynx, laryngeal part of pharynx, laryngeal pharynx;

laryngophthisis laryngophthisis (la-ring´go-thI´sis)

Tuberculosis of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. phthisis, a wasting]

laryngoplasty laryngoplasty (la-ring´go-plas-te)

Reparative or plastic surgery of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. plasso, to form]

laryngoplegia laryngoplegia (la-ring´go-ple´je-a)

laryngoparalysis [laryngo- + G. plege, stroke]

laryngoptosis laryngoptosis (la-ring-go-to´sis)

An abnormally low position of the larynx at birth, which may be congenital or acquired; does not impair the health of the neonate. Some degree of l. occurs with aging. [laryngo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

laryngoscope laryngoscope (la-ring´go-skop)

Any of several types of hollow tubes, equipped with electrical lighting, used in examining or operating upon the interior of the larynx through the mouth. [laryngo- + G. skopeo, to inspect]

laryngoscopic laryngoscopic (la-ring´go-skop´ik)

Relating to laryngoscopy.

laryngoscopist laryngoscopist (lar´ing-gos´ko-pist)

A person skilled in the use of the laryngoscope.

laryngoscopy laryngoscopy (lar´ing-gos´ko-pe)

Inspection of the larynx by means of the laryngoscope.
direct l. inspection of the larynx by means of either a rigid, hollow instrument or a fiberoptic cable.
indirect l. inspection of the larynx by means of a reflected image on a mirror.
suspension l. support of the laryngoscope by leverage from the anterior chest wall or other supportive structure to provide maximum exposure of the pharyngeal cavity and larynx.

laryngospasm laryngospasm (la-ring´go-spazm)

Spasmodic closure of the glottic aperture.glottidospasm, laryngospastic reflex;

laryngostenosis laryngostenosis (la-ring´go-ste-no´sis)

Stricture or narrowing of the lumen of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

laryngostomy laryngostomy (lar´ing-gos´to-me)

The establishment of a permanent opening from the neck into the larynx. [laryngo- + G. stoma, mouth]

laryngostroboscope laryngostroboscope (la-ring´go-stro´bo-skop, -strob´o-skop)

Stroboscopic apparatus for observing the motion of the vocal folds during phonation.

laryngotomy laryngotomy (lar-ing-got´o-me)

A surgical incision of the larynx. [laryngo- + G. tome, incision]
inferior l. cricothyrotomy
median l. laryngofissure
superior l. incision through the thyrohyoid membrane.

laryngotracheal laryngotracheal (la-ring´go-tra´ke-al)

Relating to both larynx and trachea.

laryngotracheitis laryngotracheitis (la-ring´go-tra-ke-I´tis)

Inflammation of both larynx and trachea.
avian infectious l. a severe, specific, infectious disease of chickens and other birds, caused by avian herpesvirus 1; manifested by severe hemorrhagic inflammation of the trachea and upper air passages.

laryngotracheobronchitis laryngotracheobronchitis (la-ring´go-tra´ke-o-brong-kI´tis)

An acute respiratory infection involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. See croup.

larynx larynx, pl. larynges (lar´ingks, la-rin´jez) [NA]

The organ of voice production; the part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea; it consists of a framework of cartilages and elastic membranes housing the vocal folds and the muscles which control the position and tension of these elements. [Mod. L. fr. G.]

lase lase (laz)

To cut, divide, or dissolve a substance, or to treat an anatomical structure, with a laser beam.

Lasègue Lasègue

Ernest C., French physician, 1816-1883. See L.'s disease, sign, syndrome.

laser laser (la´zer)

1. (noun) A device that concentrates high energies into an intense narrow beam of nondivergent monochromatic electromagnetic radiation; used in microsurgery, cauterization, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes. L.'s using ruby, argon, krypton, neodymium, helium-neon, or carbon dioxide are available. L.'s are widely used in printers of text or x-ray images. 2. (verb) To treat a structure with a laser beam. [acronym coined from light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation]
pulsed dye l. extremely short bursts of focused yellow light absorbed by hemoglobin, used to treat hemangiomas without anesthesia in young children.

lasering lasering (la´zing)

The use of a laser beam to cut, divide, or dissolve a substance, or to treat an anatomical structure.

Lash Lash

Abraham Fae, U.S. obstetrician-gynecologist, *1898. See L.'s operation.

lash lash

An eyelash.

Lasiohelea Lasiohelea (las´e-o-he´le-a)

A genus of small bloodsucking gnats.

lassitude lassitude (las´i-tud)

A sense of weariness. [L. lassitudo, fr. lassus, weary]

latah latah (lah´tah)

One of the pathological startle syndromes. A culture bound disorder characterized by an exaggerated physical response to being startled or to unexpected suggestion, the subjects involuntarily uttering cries or executing movements in response to command or in imitation of what they hear or see in others. See also jumping disease. [Malay, ticklish]

Latarget Latarget

André, French anatomist, 1877-1947. See L.'s nerve, vein.

latebra latebra (lat´e-bra)

A flask-shaped region in large-yolked eggs extending from the animal pole to a dilated terminal portion near the center of the yolk; it contains the main bulk of the white yolk. [L. hiding place]

latency latency (la´ten-se)

1. The state of being latent. 2. In conditioning, or other behavioral experiments, the period of apparent inactivity between the time the stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. 3. In psychoanalysis, the period of time from approximately age five to puberty.

latent latent (la´tent)

Not manifest, dormant, but potentially discernible. [L. lateo, pres. p. latens (-ent-), to lie hidden]

laterad laterad (lat´er-ad)

Toward the side. [L. latus, side, + ad, to]

lateral lateral (lat´er-al)

1. On the side.lateralis [NA]; 2. Farther from the median or midsagittal plane.lateralis [NA]; 3. In dentistry, a position either right or left of the midsagittal plane. 4. A radiographic projection made with the film in the sagittal plane; especially, the second view of a chest series.lateralis [NA]; [L. lateralis, lateral, fr. latus, side]

lateralis lateralis (lat-er-a´lis) [NA]

lateral (1), lateral (2), lateral [L.]

laterality laterality (lat-er-al´i-te)

Referring to a side of the body or of a structure; specifically, the dominance of one side of the brain or the body.
crossed l. right dominance of some members, e.g., arm or leg, and left dominance of other members.

lateralization lateralization (lat´er-al-I-za´shun)

The process whereby certain embryological asymmetries of structure (such as the right-side location of the liver and the structure of the great vessels) and function (handedness) are ordained phylogenetically, coded genetically, and realized ontogenetically.

lateriflexion lateriflexion , lateriflection (lat-er-i-flek´shun)

lateroflexion

latero- latero-

Lateral, to one side. [L. lateralis, lateral, fr. latus, side]

lateroabdominal lateroabdominal (lat´er-o-ab-dom´i-nal)

Relating to the sides of the abdomen, to the loins or flanks.

laterodeviation laterodeviation (lat´er-o-de-ve-a´shun)

A bending or a displacement to one side. [latero- + L. devio, to turn aside, fr. via, a way]

lateroduction lateroduction (lat´er-o-duk´shun)

A drawing to one side; denoting a movement of a limb or turning of the eyeball away form the midline.exduction; [latero- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]

lateroflexion lateroflexion , lateroflection (lat´er-o-flek´shun)

A bending or curvature to one side.lateriflexion, lateriflection; [latero- + L. flecto, pp. flexus, to bend]

lateroposition lateroposition (lat´er-o-po-zish´un)

A shift to one side.

lateropulsion lateropulsion (lat´er-o-pul´shun)

An involuntary sidewise movement occurring in certain nervous affections. [latero- + L. pello, pp. pulsus, to push, drive]

laterotorsion laterotorsion (lat´er-o-tor´shun)

A twisting to one side; denoting rotation of the eyeball around its anteroposterior axis, so that the top part of the cornea turns away from the sagittal plane. [latero- + L. torsio, a twisting]

laterotrusion laterotrusion (lat´er-o-tru´zhun)

The outward thrust given by the muscles of mastication to the rotating mandibular condyle during movement of the mandible. [latero- + L. trudo, pp. trusus, to thrust]

lateroversion lateroversion (lat´er-o-ver´shun)

Version to one side or the other, denoting especially a malposition of the uterus. [latero- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]

latex latex (la´teks)

1. An emulsion or suspension produced by some seed plants; it contains suspended microscopic globules of natural rubber. 2. Similar synthetic materials such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, etc. [L. liquid]

lathe lathe (ladh)

A motor-driven machine with a rotating shaft that can be fitted with various types of cutting instruments, grinding stones and polishing wheels; used in finishing and polishing dental appliances.

lathyrism lathyrism (lath´i-rizm)

1. A disease occurring in Ethiopia, Algeria, and India, characterized by various nervous manifestations, tremors, spastic paraplegia, and paresthesias; prevalent in districts where vetches, khasari (Lathyrus sativus), and allied species form the main food. 2. Poisoning of horses from eating certain varieties of peas, particularly L. sativus, a plant introduced into Europe from India; manifested by paralytic symptoms. See also githagism. 3. Experimentally, a form of bone disease induced in laboratory animals by feeding L. sativus peas, or a principle derived from them, especially beta-aminoproprionitrile.lupinosis; [L. lathyrus, vetch]

lathyrogen lathyrogen (lath´I-ro-jen)

An agent or drug, occurring naturally or used experimentally, that induces lathyrism.

Latin square Latin square

A statistical design for experiments that removes from experimental error the variation from two sources that may be identified with the rows and columns of a square. The allocation of experimental treatments is such that each treatment occurs exactly once in each row and column. For example, a design for a 5 x 5 square is as follows:

latitude latitude (la´ti-tud)

The range of light or x-ray exposure acceptable with a given photographic emulsion. See latitude film.digital gray scale, gray scale; [L. latitudo, width, fr. latus, wide]

Latrodectus Latrodectus (lat-ro-dek´tus)

A genus of relatively small spiders, the widow spiders, capable of inflicting highly poisonous, neurotoxic, painful bites; they are responsible, along with Loxosceles (the brown spider), for most of the severe reactions from spider envenomation. Medically important species are known from Australia, North and South America, South Africa, and New Zealand. Some venomous species, in addition to L. mactans (the black widow spider), are L. bishopi (the red-legged widow spider), L. euracaviensis, L. geometricus, and L. tredecimguttatus. [L. latro, servant, robber, + G. dektes, a biter]
L. mac´tans the black widow spider, a venomous jet-black spider found in protected dark places; it is especially common in the southern U.S.; the full grown female (slightly more than 1 cm long) has a brilliant red dumbbell- or hourglass-shaped mark on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, and her bite may be extremely painful, producing a syndrome mimicking an acute abdominal crisis; some deaths, though rare, have been reported, particularly in small children; the male spider lacks the hourglass mark and is not venomous.

LATS LATS

Abbreviation for long-acting thyroid stimulator.

lattice lattice (lat´is)

A regular arrangement of units into an array such that a plane passing through two units of a particular type or in a particular interrelationship will pass through an indefinite number of such units; e.g., the atom arrangement in a crystal.

latus latus, gen. lateris, pl. latera (la´tus, lat´er-is, lat´er-a)

The side of the body between the pelvis and the ribs.flank; [L. broad]

Latzko Latzko

Wilhelm, Austrian obstetrician, 1863-1945. See L.'s cesarean section.

laudable laudable (law´da-bl)

A term formerly used to describe a quality of pus that was thick and creamy and not indicating an infection that would spread, leading to blood poisoining and death. [L. laudabilis, praiseworthy]

laudanine laudanine (law´da-nen)

C₂₀H₂₅NO₄;an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from the mother liquor of morphine; it causes tetanoid convulsions, with action similar to that of strychnine.

laudanosine laudanosine (law´da-no-sen)

C₂₁H₂₇NO₄;an isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from the mother liquor of morphine; it causes tetanic convulsions.

laudanum laudanum (law´da-num)

A tincture containing opium. [G. ledanon, a resinous gum]

Laugier Laugier

Stanislas, French surgeon, 1799-1872. See L.'s hernia, sign.

Laumonier Laumonier

Jean B.P.N.R., French surgeon, 1749-1818. See L.'s ganglion.

Launois Launois

Pierre E., French physician, 1856-1914. See L.-Cléret syndrome; L.-Bensaude syndrome.

Laurence Laurence

John Zachariah, British ophthalmologist, 1830-1874. See L.-Moon-Biedl syndrome.

Laurer Laurer

Johann F., German pharmacologist, 1798-1873. See L.'s canal.

lauric acid lauric acid (law´rik)

CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH;a fatty acid occurring in spermaceti, in milk, and in laurel, coconut, and palm oils as well as waxes and marine fats.n-dodecanoic acid;

Lauth Lauth

Charles, English chemist, 1836-1913. See L.'s violet.

Lauth Lauth

Ernst A., German physician, 1803-1837. See L.'s canal.

Lauth Lauth

Thomas, German anatomist and surgeon, 1758-1826. See L.'s ligament.

Lauth's violet Lauth's violet

thionine

LAV LAV

Abbreviation for lymphadenopathy-associated virus.

lavage lavage (la-vahzh´)

The washing out of a hollow cavity or organ by copious injections and rejections of fluid. [Fr. from L. lavo, to wash]

Lavdovsky Lavdovsky

Michail D., Russian histologist, 1846-1902. See L.'s nucleoid.

Laverania Laverania (lav-er-a´ne-a)

Old generic name for malaria-causing and other hematozoan protozoa. L. falciparum is a distinctive generic name for Plasmodium falciparum, and is preferred by some who believe that crescentic gametocytes should be the basis for classifying the causal agent of falciparum malaria in a separate genus. See Plasmodium, Haemoproteus. [C. Laveran, Fr. protozoologist and Nobel laureate, 1845-1922]

laveur laveur (la-vur´)

An instrument for irrigation or lavage. [Fr.]

LAVH LAVH

Abbreviation for laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysteroscopy.

law law

1. A principle or rule. 2. A statement of a sequence or relation of phenomena that is invariable under the given conditions. See also principle, rule, theorem. [A.S. lagu]
all or none l. Bowditch's l
Ambard's l.'s obsolete l.'s for output of urea: 1) with the urinary urea concentration constant, urea output varies directly as the square of the concentration of the blood urea; 2) with the blood urea concentration constant, urea output varies inversely as the square root of its urinary concentration.
Ångström's l. a substance absorbs light of the same wavelength as it emits when luminous.
Arndt's l. obsolete l. stating that weak stimuli excite physiologic activity, moderately strong ones favor it, strong ones retard it, and very strong ones arrest it.
Arrhenius l. Arrhenius doctrine
l.'s of association principles formulated by Aristotle to account for the functional relationships between ideas; the l. of contiguity (association) proved most useful to experimental psychologists, culminating in modern studies of respondent conditioning.
l. of average localization visceral pain is most accurately localized in the least mobile viscera and least accurately in the most mobile.
Avogadro's l. equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules, the conditions of pressure and temperature being the same.Ampère's postulate, Avogadro's hypothesis, Avogadro's postulate;
Baer's l. the general organ characteristics found in all members of a group appear earlier in embryogenesis than the special organ characteristics that distinguish specific members of the group; this law is the predecessor of the recapitulation theory.
Baruch's l. the effect of any hydriatric procedure is in direct proportion to the difference between the temperature of the water and that of the skin; when the temperature of the water is above or below that of the skin the effect is stimulating; when the two temperatures are the same the effect is sedative.
Beer-Lambert l. the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the thickness of the ligand through which the light is being transmitted multiplied by the concentration of absorbing chromophore; i.e., A = epsibc where A is the absorbance, epsi is the molar extinction coefficient, b is the thickness of the solution, and c is the concentration.
Beer's l. the intensity of a color or of a light ray is inversely proportional to the depth of liquid through which it is transmitted; it is concluded that the absorption is dependent upon the number of molecules in the path of the ray. Cf. Beer-Lambert l.
Behring's l. parenteral administration of serum from an immunized person provides a relative, passive immunity to that disease (i.e., prevents it, or favorably modifies its course) in a previously susceptible person.
Bell-Magendie l. Bell's l
Bell's l. the ventral spinal roots are motor, the dorsal are sensory.Bell-Magendie l., Magendie's l;
Bernoulli's l. when friction is negligible, the velocity of flow of a gas or fluid through a tube is inversely related to its pressure against the side of the tube; i.e., velocity is greatest and pressure lowest at a point of constriction.Bernoulli's principle, Bernoulli's theorem;
Berthollet's l. salts in solution will always react with each other so as to form a less soluble salt, if possible.
biogenetic l. , l. of biogenesis recapitulation theory
Blagden's l. the depression of the freezing point of dilute solutions is proportional to the amount of the dissolved substance.
Bowditch's l. consistently total response to any effective stimulus.all or none l;
Boyle's l. at constant temperature, the volume of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its absolute pressure.Mariotte's l;
Broadbent's l. lesions of the upper segment of the motor tract cause less marked paralysis of muscles that habitually produce bilateral movements than of those that commonly act independently of the opposite side.
Bunsen-Roscoe l. in two photochemical reactions, e.g., the darkening of a photographic plate or film, if the product of the intensity of illumination and the time of exposure are equal, the quantities of chemical material undergoing change will be equal; the retina for short periods of exposure obeys this l.reciprocity l., Roscoe-Bunsen l;
Charles l. all gases expand equally on heating, namely, 1 / 273.16 of their volume at 0°C for every degree Celsius.Gay-Lussac's l;
l. of constant numbers in ovulation the number of ova discharged at each ovulation is nearly constant for any given species.
l. of contiguity when two ideas or psychologically perceived events have once occurred in close association they are likely to so occur again, the subsequent occurrence of one tending to elicit the other; this l. figures prominently in modern theories of conditioning and learning.
l. of contrary innervation Meltzer's l
Coppet's l. solutions having the same freezing point have equal concentrations of dissolved substances.
Courvoisier's l. enlargement of the gallbladder with jaundice is likely to result from carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and not from a stone in the common duct, because in the latter the gallbladder is usually scarred from infection and does not distend.Courvoisier's sign;
Dale-Feldberg l. an identical chemical transmitter is liberated at all the functional terminals of a single neuron.
Dalton-Henry l. in dissolving a mixture of gases, a liquid will absorb as much of each gas in the mixture as if that were the only gas dissolved.
Dalton's l. each gas in a mixture of gases exerts a pressure proportionate to the percentage of the gas and independent of the presence of the other gases present.l. of partial pressures;
l. of definite proportions the relative weights of the several elements forming a chemical compound are invariable.Proust's l;
l. of denervation when a structure is denervated, its irritability to certain chemical agents is increased; e.g., the greater sensitivity of the pupil to acetylcholine after section and degeneration of the third nerve, and of the nictitating membrane to adrenaline after excision of the superior cervical ganglion.
Descartes' l. l. of refraction
Donders' l. the rotation of the eyeball is determined by the distance of the object from the median plane and the line of the horizon.
Draper's l. a chemical change is produced in a photochemical substance only by those light rays that are absorbed by that substance.
Du Bois-Reymond's l. l. of excitation
Dulong-Petit l. the specific heats of many solid elements are inversely proportional to their atomic weights.
Einthoven's l. in the electrocardiogram the potential of any wave or complex in lead II is equal to the sum of the potentials of leads I and III.Einthoven's equation;
Elliott's l. adrenaline acts upon those structures innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers.
l. of excitation a motor nerve responds, not to the absolute value, but to the alteration of value from moment to moment, of the electric current; i.e., rate of change of intensity of the current is a factor in determining its effectiveness.Du Bois-Reymond's l;
Faraday's l.'s 1. the amount of an electrolyte decomposed by an electric current is proportional to the amount of the current; 2. when the same current is passed through several electrolytes, the amounts of the different substances decomposed are proportional to their chemical equivalents.
Farr's l. the curve of cases of an epidemic rises rapidly at first, then climbs slowly to a peak from which the fall is steeper than the previous rise.
Fechner-Weber l. Weber-Fechner l
Ferry-Porter l. the critical fusion is directly proportional to the logarithm of the light intensity.
Fick's l.'s of diffusion 1. the direction of movement of solutes by diffusion is always from a higher to a lower concentration and the diffusive flux J_A of solute A across a plane at x is proportional to the concentration gradient of A at x; i.e., J_A = -D(C_A/x); 2. the increase of concentration of solute A with time, C_A/t, is directly proportional to the change in the concentration gradient, i.e., C_A/t = D(fl²/x²).
Flatau's l. a l. concerning the excentric position of the long spinal tracts; the greater the distance the nerve fibers run lengthwise in the cord, the more they tend to be situated toward its periphery.
Galton's l. in a population mating at random, the progeny of a parent with an extreme value for a measurable phenotype will tend on average to have values nearer the population mean than in the extreme parent. See also l. of regression to mean.l. of regression to mean;
Gay-Lussac's l. Charles l
Gerhardt-Semon l. obsolete l. formerly used to account for the position of an affected vocal cord or cords after injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve or nerves.
Godélier's l. tuberculosis of the peritoneum is always associated with tuberculosis of the pleura on one or both sides.
Gompertz' l. the proportional relationship of mortality to age; after age 35-40, the increase in mortality with age tends to be logarithmic.
Graham's l. the relative rapidity of diffusion of two gases varies inversely as the square root of their densities, i.e., their molecular weights.
Grasset's l. Landouzy-Grasset l
l. of gravitation Newton's l
Guldberg-Waage l. l. of mass action
Haeckel's l. recapitulation theory
Halsted's l. transplanted tissue will grow only if there is a lack of that tissue in the host.
Hamburger's l. albumins and phosphates pass from red corpuscles to serum and chlorides pass from serum to cells when blood is acid; the reverse occurs when blood is alkaline.
Hardy-Weinberg l. if mating occurs at random with respect to any one autosomal locus in a population in which the gene frequencies are equal in the two sexes, and the factors tending to change gene frequencies (mutation, differential selection, migration) are either absent or negligible, then in one generation the probabilities of all possible genotypes will on average equal the same proportions as if the genes were assembled at random. The l. does not apply to two or more loci jointly, nor to X-linked traits where the initial gene frequencies differ in the two sexes.
l. of the heart the energy liberated by the heart when it contracts is a function of the length of its muscle fibers at the end of diastole.Starling's l;
Heidenhain's l. glandular secretion is always accompanied by an alteration in the structure of the gland.
Hellin's l. twins occur once in 89 births, triplets once in 89², and quadruplets once in 89³. If the frequency of twins in a population is p, the frequency of triplets is p², and the frequency of quadruplets is p³.
Henry's l. at equilibrium, at a given temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a given volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in the gas phase (this only holds for gases that do not react chemically with the solvent).
Hess' l. the amount of heat generated by a reaction is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or several steps; i.e., DELTAH values (and thus DELTAG values) are additive.
Hilton's l. the nerve supplying a joint supplies also the muscles which move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those muscles.
Hooke's l. the stress applied to stretch or compress a body is proportional to the strain, or change in length thus produced, so long as the limit of elasticity of the body is not exceeded.
l. of independent assortment different hereditary factors assort independently when the gametes are formed; traits at linked loci are an exception.Mendel's second l;
l. of initial value Wilder's l. of initial value
l. of intestine myenteric reflex
inverse square l. as applied to point sources, the intensity of radiation diminishes in proportion to the square of the distance from the source.
l. of isochronism a nerve and the muscle which it innervates have the same chronaxie values.
isodynamic l. for energy purposes, the different foodstuffs may replace one another in accordance with their caloric values when burned in a calorimeter.
Jackson's l. loss of mental functions due to disease retraces in reverse order its evolutionary development.
Koch's l. Koch's postulates, under postulate
Lambert's l. 1. each layer of equal thickness absorbs an equal fraction of the light that traverses it; Cf. Beer-Lambert l. 2. the illumination of a surface on which the light falls normally from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
Landouzy-Grasset l. in lesions of one hemisphere, the patient's head is turned to the side of the affected muscles if there is spasticity and to that of the cerebral lesion if there is paralysis.Grasset's l;
Lapicque's l. the chronaxie is inversely proportional to the diameter of an axon.
Laplace's l. the equilibrium relationship between transmural pressure difference (DELTAP), wall tension (T), and radius of curvature (R) in a concave surface; for a sphere: DELTAP = 2T/R; for a cylinder: DELTAP = T/R.
Le Chatelier's l. if external factors such as temperature and pressure disturb a system in equilibrium, adjustment occurs in such a way that the effect of the disturbing factors is reduced to a minimum.Le Chatelier's principle;
Listing's l. when the eye leaves one object and fixes upon another, it revolves about an axis perpendicular to a plane cutting both the former and the present lines of vision.
Louis' l. tuberculosis in any organ is associated with tuberculosis in the lung.
Magendie's l. Bell's l
Marey's l. the pulse rate varies inversely with the blood pressure; i.e., the pulse is slow when the pressure is high; an expression of baroreceptor reflex influences on heart rate.
Marfan's l. the healing of localized tuberculosis protects against subsequent development of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Mariotte's l. Boyle's l
mass l. l. of mass action
l. of mass action the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances; when the forward reaction rate equals the reverse reaction rate (i.e., at equilibrium) then, at constant temperature, the product of the concentrations of all the products divided by the product of the concentrations of all the reactants is itself a constant (K_eq).Guldberg-Waage l., mass l;
Meltzer's l. "all living functions are continually controlled by two opposite forces: augmentation or action on the one hand, and inhibition on the other."l. of contrary innervation;
Mendeléeff's l. the properties of elements are periodical functions of their atomic weights; i.e., if the elements are arranged in the order of their atomic weights, every element in the series will be related in respect to its properties to the eighth in order before or after it.periodic l;
Mendel's first l. l. of segregation
Mendel's second l. l. of independent assortment
l. of the minimum growth and development of plants and animals are determined by the availability of that essential nutrient which is present in the smallest amount.
Müller's l. each type of sensory nerve ending, however stimulated (electrically, mechanically, etc.), gives rise to its own specific sensation; moreover, each type of sensation depends not upon any special character of the different nerves but upon the part of the brain in which their fibers terminate.l. of specific nerve energies;
l. of multiple proportions l. of reciprocal proportions
Nasse's l. an early statement of the pattern of X-linked recessive inheritance: hemophilia affects only boys but is transmitted through mothers and sisters.
Neumann's l. in compounds of analogous chemical constitution, the molecular heat, or the product of the specific heat by the atomic weight, is always the same.
Newton's l. the attractive force between any two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.l. of gravitation;
Nysten's l. rigor mortis affects first the muscles of the head and spreads toward the feet.
Ochoa's l. the content of the X-chromosome tends to be phylogenetically conserved.
Ohm's l. in an electric current passing through a wire, the intensity of the current (I) in amperes equals the electromotive force (E) in volts divided by the resistance (R) in ohms: I = E/R.
l. of partial pressures Dalton's l
Pascal's l. fluids at rest transmit pressure equally in every direction.
periodic l. Mendeléeff's l
Pflüger's l. l. of polar excitation
Plateau-Talbot l. when successive light stimuli follow each other sufficiently rapidly to become fused, their apparent brightness is diminished.
Poiseuille's l. in laminar flow, the volume of a homogeneous fluid passing per unit time through a capillary tube is directly proportional to the pressure difference between its ends and to the fourth power of its internal radius, and inversely proportional to its length and to the viscosity of the fluid.
l. of polar excitation a given segment of a nerve is irritated by the development of catelectrotonus and the disappearance of anelectrotonus, but the reverse does not hold; i.e., excitation occurs at the cathode when the circuit is closed and at the anode when it is opened.Pflüger's l;
l. of priority use of the earliest published name (senior synonym) of two or more names of an organism as the correct name.
Profeta's l. the subject of congenital syphilis is immune against the acquired disease.
Proust's l. l. of definite proportions
Raoult's l. the vapor pressure of a solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte is that of the pure solvent multiplied by the mole-fraction of the solvent in the solution.
l. of recapitulation recapitulation theory
l. of reciprocal proportions the relative weights in which two substances form a chemical union singly with a third are the same as, or simple multiples of, those in which they unite with each other; a corollary of the law of definite proportions.l. of multiple proportions;
reciprocity l. Bunsen-Roscoe l
l. of referred pain pain arises only from irritation of nerves which are sensitive to those stimuli that produce pain when applied to the surface of the body.
l. of refraction for two given media, the sine of the angle of incidence bears a constant relation to the sine of the angle of refraction.Descartes' l., Snell's l;
l. of regression to mean Galton's l
Ricco's l. for small images, light intensity x area = constant for the threshold.
Ritter's l. a nerve is stimulated at both the opening and the closing of an electrical current. See l. of polar excitation.
Roscoe-Bunsen l. Bunsen-Roscoe l
Rosenbach's l. 1. in affections of the nerve trunks or nerve centers, paralysis of the flexor muscles appears later than that of the extensors; 2. in cases of abnormal stimulation of organs with rhythmical functional periodicity, there is often a grouping of the individual acts with corresponding lengthening of the pauses, in such a way that the proportion of total rest and activity remains nearly the same.
Rubner's l.'s of growth 1. the l. of constant energy consumption: the rapidity of growth is proportional to the intensity of the metabolic processes; 2. the l. of the constant growth quotient: in most young mammals, 24% of the entire food energy, or calories, is utilized for growth; in humans only 5% is utilized.
Schütz' l. Schütz rule
second l. of thermodynamics the entropy of the universe moves toward a maximum; similarly, the entropy of any isolated microcosm (e.g., a chemical reaction) proceeds spontaneously only in that direction that yields an increase in entropy, entropy being maximal at equilibrium. To quote G.N. Lewis, "Every process that occurs spontaneously is capable of doing work; to reverse any such process requires the expenditure of work from the outside."
l. of segregation factors that affect development retain their individuality from generation to generation, do not become contaminated when mixed in a hybrid, and become sorted out from one another when the next generation of gametes is formed.Mendel's first l;
Semon's l. an obsolete l. stating that injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in paralysis of the abductor muscle of the vocal cords before paralysis of the adductor muscles.
Sherrington's l. every dorsal spinal nerve root supplies a particular area of the skin, the dermatome (3) , which is, however, invaded above and below by fibers from the adjacent spinal segments.
l. of similars See similia similibus curantur.
Snell's l. l. of refraction
Spallanzani's l. the younger the individual the greater is the regenerative power of its cells.
l. of specific nerve energies Müller's l
Starling's l. l. of the heart
Stokes' l. 1. a muscle lying above an inflamed mucous or serous membrane is frequently the seat of paralysis; 2. a relationship of the rate of fall of a small sphere in a viscous fluid; applicable to centrifugation of macromolecules; 3. the wavelength of light emitted by a fluorescent material is longer than that of the radiation used to excite the fluorescence.
Tait's l. an obsolete dictum that an exploratory laparotomy should be performed in every case of obscure pelvic or abdominal disease that threatens health or life.
Thoma's l.'s the development of blood vessels is governed by dynamic forces acting on their walls as follows: an increase in velocity of blood flow causes dilation of the lumen; an increase in lateral pressure on the vessel wall causes it to thicken; an increase in end-pressure causes the formation of new capillaries.
van der Kolk's l. in a mixed nerve, the sensory fibers are distributed to the parts moved by the muscles controlled by the motor fibers.
van't Hoff's l. 1. in stereochemistry, all optically active substances have one or more multivalent atoms united to four different atoms or radicals so as to form in space an unsymmetrical arrangement; 2. the osmotic pressure exerted by any substance in very dilute solution is the same that it would exert if present as gas in the same volume as that of the solution; or, at constant temperature, the osmotic pressure of dilute solutions is proportional to the concentration (number of molecules) of the dissolved substance; i.e., the osmotic pressure, PI, in dilute solutions is pi = RTSIGMAc_i, where R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and c_i is the molar concentration of solute i; 3. the rate of chemical reactions increases between two- and three-fold for each 10°C rise in temperature.
Virchow's l. there is no special or distinctive neoplastic cell, inasmuch as the component cells of neoplasms originate from preexisting forms.
Vogel's l. when a phenotype may be transmitted by various modes of mendelian inheritance, the dominant will have the least deleterious phenotype, the recessive the most, and the X-linked intermediate between the two.
wallerian l. after section of the posterior root of a spinal nerve between the root ganglion and the spinal cord, the central portion degenerates; after division of the anterior root, the peripheral portion degenerates; the trophic center of the posterior root is therefore the ganglion, that of the anterior root the spinal cord.
Weber-Fechner l. the intensity of a sensation varies by a series of equal increments (arithmetically) as the strength of the stimulus is increased geometrically; if a series of stimuli is applied and so adjusted in strength that each stimulus causes a just perceptible change in intensity of the sensation, then the strength of each stimulus differs from the preceding one by a constant fraction; thus, if a just perceptible change in a visual sensation is produced by the addition of 1 candle to an original illumination of 100 candles, 10 candles will be required to produce any change in sensation when the original illumination was one of 1000 candles.Fechner-Weber l., Weber's l;
Weber's l. Weber-Fechner l
Weigert's l. the loss or destruction of a part or element in the organic world is likely to result in compensatory replacement and overproduction of tissue during the process of regeneration or repair (or both), as in the formation of callus when a fractured bone heals.overproduction theory;
Wilder's l. of initial value the direction of response of a body function to any agent depends to a large degree on the initial level of that function.l. of initial value;
Williston's l. as the vertebrate scale is ascended, the number of bones in the skull is reduced.
Wolff's l. every change in the form and the function of a bone, or in its function alone, is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture and secondary alterations in its external conformation.

Lawrence Lawrence

R.D., 20th century English physician. See L.-Seip syndrome.

lawrencium (Lr) lawrencium (Lr) (law-ren´se-um)

An artificial transplutonium element; atomic no. 103; atomic wt. 262.11. [E.O. Lawrence, U.S. physicist and Nobel laureate, 1901-1958]

laxation laxation (lak-sa´shun)

Bowel movement, with or without laxatives. [see laxative]

laxative laxative (lak´sa-tiv)

1. Mildly cathartic; having the action of loosening the bowels. 2. A mild cathartic; a remedy that moves the bowels slightly without pain or violent action. [L. laxativus, fr. laxo, pp. -atus, to slacken, relax]
diphenylmethane l.'s members of a chemical class of l. agents including phenolphthalein and bisacodyl.

laxator tympani laxator tympani (lak-sa´tor tim´pan-I)

One of two supposed muscles, probably ligaments of the malleus. [Mod. L.]

layer layer (la´er)

A sheet of one substance lying on another and distinguished from it by a difference in texture or color or by not being continuous with it. See also stratum, lamina.
ameloblastic l. the internal l. of the enamel organ.enamel l;
anterior elastic l. anterior limiting l. of cornea
anterior limiting l. of cornea a transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 mum thick, lying between the basal l. of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; considered to be a basement membrane.lamina limitans anterior corneae [NA], anterior elastic l., Bowman's membrane, lamina elastica anterior, limiting l.'s of cornea;
anterior l. of rectus abdominis sheath the portion of the rectus sheath that lies anterior to the muscle, consisting in its upper two-thirds of contributions from the aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique muscles, and in its lower third (below the arcuralt line) of contributions from the aponeuroses of all three muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall.lamina anterior vaginae musculi recti abdominis [NA];
bacillary l. l. of rods and cones
basal l. stratum basale (1)
basal cell l. stratum basale epidermidis
basal l. of choroid lamina basalis choroideae
basal l. of ciliary body basal lamina of ciliary body
l. of Bechterew band of Kaes-Bechterew
blastodermic l.'s the primordial cell l.'s on the yolk surface of a telolecithal egg; in the earliest stages they consist of protoderm, and they later differentiate into ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
brown l. lamina fusca of sclera
cambium l. 1. the inner osteogenic l. of the periosteum; 2. a highly cellular zone immediately beneath the epithelium covering a botryoid sarcoma.
l.'s of cerebellar cortex See cerebellar cortex.
l.'s of cerebral cortex See cerebral cortex.
cerebral l. of retina the internal l. of the retina containing the neural elements, as distinguished from the outer leaf of the retina, or pigmented layer.pars optica retinae [NA], neural l. of retina, optic part of retina, stratum cerebrale retinae;
Chievitz' l. in the developing retina of an embryo, a transitory zone between the inner and outer neuroblastic l.'s that is devoid of nuclei.
choriocapillary l. the internal layer of the choroidea of the eye, composed of a very close capillary network.lamina choroidocapillaris [NA], choriocapillaris, entochoroidea, lamina choriocapillaris, membrana choriocapillaris, Ruysch's membrane;
circular l. of muscular coat the inner, circular l. of the smooth muscle of the muscular coat. Nomina Anatomica lists circular l.'s of muscular coats (stratum circulare tunicae muscularis...) of the following: 1) colon (... coli [NA]); 2) rectum (... recti [NA]); 3) small intestine (... intestini tenuis [NA]); 4) stomach (... gastrici [NA]).stratum circulare tunicae muscularis gastricae [NA], stratum circulare tunicae [NA];
circular l.'s of muscular tunics See circular l. of muscular coat.
circular l. of tympanic membrane stratum circulare membranae tympani
claustral l. the l. of subcortical gray matter between the external capsule and the white matter of the insula or extreme capsule.
clear l. of epidermis stratum lucidum
columnar l. stratum basale epidermidis
conjunctival l. of bulb bulbar conjunctiva
conjunctival l. of eyelids palpebral conjunctiva
corneal l. of epidermis stratum corneum epidermidis
cornified l. of nail stratum corneum unguis
cutaneous l. of tympanic membrane stratum cutaneum membranae tympani
deep l. in a stratified structure, the stratum which lies beneath all others, furthest from the surface. See deep l. of levator palpebrae superioris muscle, deep l. of temporalis fascia.lamina profunda [NA], deep lamina;
deep gray l. of superior colliculus a l. of myelinated fibers, the deepest layer of the colliculus superior, delimiting the latter from the central gray substance surrounding the cerebral aqueduct.stratum album profundum;
deep l. of levator palpebrae superioris muscle the deeper fibers of the levator muscle of the superior eyelid which are inserted into the superior tarsal plate.lamina profunda musculi levatoris palpebrae superioris;
deep l. of temporalis fascia the deep part of the temporal fascia attaching to the medial surface of the zygomatic arch;lamina profunda fasciae temporalis;
deep white l. of superior colliculus See gray l. of superior colliculus.
elastic l.'s of arteries elastic laminae of arteries, under lamina
elastic l.'s of cornea See anterior limiting l. of cornea, posterior limiting l. of cornea.
enamel l. ameloblastic l
ependymal l. an inner epithelial l. of cells bordering the lumen of the embryonic neural tube and brain, formed during the latter's stratification, and persisting in modified form throughout life.ependymal zone, ventricular l;
epithelial l.'s See epithelium.
epithelial choroid l. epithelial lamina
epitrichial l. the superficial flattened-cell l. of the epidermis of a young embryo before the definitive stratification has developed.
external nuclear l. of retina neuroepithelial l. of retina
fatty l. of superficial fascia Camper's fascia
fibrous l. the outer dense connective tissue l. of the periosteum.
fillet l. stratum lemnisci
fusiform l. l. 6 of the cortex cerebri.multiform l., polymorphous l., spindle-celled l;
ganglionic l. of cerebellar cortex piriform neuron l
ganglionic l. of cerebral cortex l. 5 of the cortex cerebri.
ganglionic l. of optic nerve the inner l. of multipolar neurons in the retina consisting of the relatively large neurons that give rise to the fibers of the optic nerve.stratum ganglionare nervi optici;
ganglionic l. of retina the intermediate l. of neurons in the retina composed largely of bipolar cells.internal nuclear l. of retina, stratum ganglionare retinae, stratum nucleare internum retinae;
germ l. one of the three primordial cell l.'s (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) established in an embryo during gastrulation and the immediately following stages.
germinative l. stratum basale epidermidis
germinative l. of nail stratum germinativum unguis
glomerular l. of olfactory bulb a l. composed of spherical bodies, called glomeruli, formed by the synapses of mitral cells with the olfactory nerve fibers derived from the cells of the olfactory epithelium.
granular l. of cerebellar cortex granular l. of cerebellum
granular l. of cerebellum the deepest of the three l.'s of the cortex; it contains large numbers of granule cells, the dendrites of which synapse with incoming mossy fibers in cerebellar glomeruli. Thin, unmyelinated axons of granule cells ascend perpendicularly into the molecular l. in which they bifurcate into fibers coursing parallel to the long axis of the cerebellar folia. Parallel fibers form numerous synapses with the dendrites of Purkinje cells, basket cells, and stellate cells.stratum granulosum cerebelli [NA], granular l. of cerebellar cortex;
granular l.'s of cerebral cortex l.'s 2 (outer) and 4 (inner) of the cortex cerebri.
granular l. of epidermis a l. of somewhat flattened cells containing basophilic granules of keratohyalin and lying just above the stratum spinosum and deeply to the stratum corneum.stratum granulosum epidermidis [NA];
granular l.'s of retina nuclear l.'s of retina
granular l. of a vesicular ovarian follicle stratum granulosum folliculi ovarici vesiculosi
gray l. of superior colliculus term applied to any one of the three major l.'s of gray matter of the superior colliculus that alternate with l.'s composed chiefly of nerve fibers: 1) the superficial gray l. of superior colliculus, above the largely white layer of the incoming fibers of the optic tract (optic l.); 2) the middle gray l. of superior colliculus, placed between the optic l. and a more deeply located l. of fibers, the l. lemnisci; 3) the deep gray layer of superior colliculus, between the l. lemnisci and the central gray substance surrounding the cerebral aqueduct, and containing the large nerve cells from which most of the colliculus descending connections (tectobulbar, tectopontine, and tectospinal tract) originate.stratum griseum colliculi superioris [NA], stratum cinereum colliculi superioris;
half-value l. (HVL) the thickness of a specific absorber (e.g., Al) that will reduce the intensity of a beam of radiation to one-half its initial value.
Henle's l. the outer l. cells of the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
Henle's fiber l. the l. of inner cone fibers in the central area of the retina.
Henle's nervous l. entoretina
horny l. of epidermis stratum corneum epidermidis
horny l. of nail stratum corneum unguis
Huxley's l. a l. of cells interposed between Henle's l. and the cuticle of the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.Huxley's membrane, Huxley's sheath;
infragranular l. the cellular band deep to the inner granular l. of the developing human cerebral cortex, which differentiates into the ganglionic l. and multiform l. by the sixth fetal month.
intermediate l. mantle l
internal nuclear l. of retina ganglionic l. of retina
investing l. of deep cervical fascia the part of the cervical fascia investing the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and completely encircling the neck.lamina superficialis fasciae cervicalis [NA], investing fascia, superficial l. of deep cervical fascia;
Kölliker's l. the l. of connective tissue in the iris.
Langhans' l. cytotrophoblast
lateral cartilaginous l. lateral lamina of cartilaginous auditory tube
lateral l. of cartilaginous auditory tube lateral lamina of cartilaginous auditory tube
latticed l. a cortical cell l. in the hippocampus.
limiting l.'s of cornea anterior limiting l. of cornea, posterior limiting l. of cornea
longitudinal l. of muscular coat the outer, longitudinal l. of the smooth muscle of the muscular coat. Nomina Anatomica lists longitudinal l.'s of muscular coats (stratum longitudinale tunicae muscularis...) of the following: 1) colon (... coli [NA]); 2) rectum (... recti [NA]); 3) small intestine (... intestini tenuis [NA]); 4) stomach (... gastrici [NA]).stratum longitudinale tunicae muscularis gastricae [NA], stratum longitudinale tunicae muscularis [NA];
longitudinal l.'s of muscular tunics See longitudinal l. of muscular coat.
malpighian l. malpighian stratum
mantle l. the nuclear zone of the developing neural tube between the marginal l. and the ependymal l.; forms the gray matter of the central nervous system.intermediate l., mantle zone (1);
marginal l. the outer, nonnuclear l. of the embryonic neural tube; into its fibrous network grow the longitudinal nerve fibers which eventually become the white matter of the cord and brain stem.marginal zone;
medial cartilaginous l. medial lamina of cartilaginous auditory tube
medial l. of cartilaginous auditory tube medial lamina of cartilaginous auditory tube
medullary l.'s of thalamus medullary laminae of thalamus, under lamina
membranous l. membranous lamina of cartilaginous auditory tube
membranous l. of superficial fascia 1. superficial fascia of perineum 2. Scarpa's fascia
meningeal l. of dura mater See dura mater of brain.
Meynert's l. pyramidal cell l
middle gray l. of superior colliculus See gray l. of superior colliculus.
molecular l. term applied to any l. of brain tissue that contains few nerve-cell bodies and is composed largely of terminal arborizations of dendrites and axons; notable examples are the superficial l. (first l.) of the cerebral cortex and the molecular l. of cerebellum.plexiform l., stratum moleculare;
molecular l. of cerebellar cortex molecular l. of cerebellum
molecular l. of cerebellum the outer lamina of the cortex, containing the cell bodies and dendrites of Purkinje cells, the axons of the granule cells, and the cell bodies, dendrites, and axons of basket cells.stratum moleculare cerebelli [NA], molecular l. of cerebellar cortex;
molecular l. of cerebral cortex l. 1 of the cortex cerebri.plexiform l. of cerebral cortex;
molecular l.'s of olfactory bulb the l.'s, composed mainly of nerve fibers, on the outer and inner sides of the l. of mitral cells of the bulb.
molecular l. of retina name applied to each of the plexiform l.'s of the retina.stratum moleculare retinae;
multiform l. fusiform l
muscular l. of mucosa muscularis mucosae
neural l. of optic retina See retina.
neural l. of retina cerebral l. of retina
neuroepithelial l. of retina the outermost l. of the cerebral l. of retina, composed of the primary receptor cells of the retina; the stratum consists of two sublayers: 1) an external l. made up of the rods and cones, the photosensitive processes of the receptor cells, and 2) the external nuclear l. containing the cell bodies of these cells; the external limiting membrane forms a perforated supporting plate between the two sublayers; the name refers to the fact that the retinal receptor cells are a specialized form of (epithelial) ependyma cell and thus, in a sense, are comparable to the neuroepithelial cells (e.g., hair cells) of other sense organs.external nuclear l. of retina, stratum neuroepitheliale retinae, stratum nucleare externum retinae;
Nitabuch's l. Nitabuch's membrane
nuclear l.'s of retina the outer nuclear l., l. 4, of the retina, neuroepithelial l. of retina, and the inner l., l. 6, of the retina, ganglionic l. of retina.granular l.'s of retina, stratum nucleare externum et internum retinae;
odontoblastic l. a l. of connective tissue cells at the periphery of the dental pulp of the tooth.
optic l. 1. a layer of white matter interspersed with nerve-cell bodies, immediately below the superficial gray l. of the superior colliculus, composed of myelinated fibers originating in the retina and striate cortex; 2. the inner l. of the retina, consisting of the fibers originating from the cells of the ganglionic l. of optic nerve; in their further course these fibers combine to form the optic nerve or optic tract.stratum opticum;
orbital l. of ethmoid bone orbital plate of ethmoid bone
osteogenetic l. the inner bone-forming l. of the periosteum.
palisade l. stratum basale epidermidis
papillary l. stratum papillare corii
parietal l. the outer l. of an enveloping sac or bursa, usually lining the walls of the cavity or space occupied by the enveloped structure, the structure itself being covered with the inner or visceral layer of the enveloping sac; an actual or potential space is enclosed by the two layers and intervenes between parietal and visceral layers. The parietal l. is usually the more substantial l.lamina parietalis [NA];
parietal l. of leptomeninges arachnoid
parietal l. of serous pericardium the outer part of the serous pericardium suported by the fibrous pericardium.lamina parietalis pericardii;
parietal l. of tunica vaginalis the outer part of the tunica vaginalis testis supported by the internal spermatic fascia.lamina parietalis tunicae vaginalis testis;
perforated l. of sclera lamina cribrosa sclerae
periosteal l. of dura mater See dura mater of brain.
pigmented l. of ciliary body stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris
pigmented l. of iris stratum pigmenti iridis
pigmented l. of retina the outer l. of the retina, consisting of pigmented epithelium.ectoretina, stratum pigmenti bulbi, stratum pigmenti retinae, tapetum nigrum, tapetum oculi;
piriform neuron l. the layer of Purkinje cells between the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellar cortex.stratum neuronorum piriformium [NA], ganglionic l. of cerebellar cortex, l. of piriform neurons, Purkinje's l., stratum gangliosum cerebelli;
l. of piriform neurons piriform neuron l
plasma l. still l
plexiform l. molecular l
plexiform l. of cerebral cortex molecular l. of cerebral cortex
plexiform l.'s of retina l.'s of the retina where synapses occur; in the external l., processes of rods and cones synapse with bipolar neuron dendrites; in the internal l., axon terminals of bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cell dendrites. See retina.stratum plexiforme externum et internum retinae;
polymorphous l. fusiform l
posterior elastic l. posterior limiting l. of cornea
posterior limiting l. of cornea a transparent homogeneous acellular layer between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea; considered to be a highly developed basement membrane.lamina limitans posterior corneae [NA], membrana vitrea [NA], Descemet's membrane, Duddell's membrane, entocornea, hyaloid membrane, lamina elastica posterior, limiting l.'s of cornea, membrana hyaloidea, posterior elastic l., tunica vitrea, vitreous membrane (1);
posterior l. of rectus abdominis sheath the portion of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle that lies posterior to the muscle covering only its upper two-thirds; it is formed by contributions from the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles; its free inferior margin forms the arcuate line; it is deficient below this, the posterior aspect of the muscle being covered only by transversalis fascia and peritoneum.lamina posterior vaginae musculi recti abdominis [NA];
pretracheal l. pretracheal fascia
prevertebral l. prevertebral fascia
prickle cell l. stratum spinosum epidermidis
Purkinje's l. piriform neuron l
pyramidal cell l. l. 3 of the cortex cerebri.Meynert's l;
radiate l. of tympanic membrane stratum radiatum membranae tympani
Rauber's l. 1. the thinned-out trophoblastic membrane over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates; 2. outermost cell layer which helps form the blastodisk; called blastodermic or primitive ectoderm.
reticular l. of corium stratum reticulare corii
l.'s of retina See retina.
l. of rods and cones the l. of the retina next to the pigment l. and containing the visual receptors. See also retina, granular l.'s of retina, neuroepithelial l. of retina.bacillary l;
rostral l. rostral lamina
Sattler's elastic l. the middle l. of the choroid.
serous l. of peritoneum simple squamous epithelium that forms the glistening surface of the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum.tunica serosa peritonei [NA];
l.'s of skin See epidermis, dermis.
sluggish l. still l
somatic l. the external l. of the lateral mesoderm of the embryo, lying adjacent to the ectoderm and together with it constituting the somatopleure.
spindle-celled l. fusiform l
spinous l. stratum spinosum epidermidis
splanchnic l. the internal l. of the lateral mesoderm, lying adjacent to the endoderm and together with it forming the splanchnopleure.
still l. the l. of the bloodstream in the capillary vessels, next to the wall of the vessel, that flows slowly and transports the white blood cells along the l. wall, while in the center the flow is rapid and transports the red blood cells.plasma l., Poiseuille's space, sluggish l;
subendocardial l. the loose connective tissue l. that joins the endocardium and myocardium; in the ventricles, it contains branches of the conducting system of the heart.
subendothelial l. the thin l. of connective tissue lying between the endothelium and elastic lamina in the intima of blood vessels.
subpapillary l. the vascular l. of the corium.
subserous l. the layer of connective tissue beneath a serous membrane such as that of the periconeum or pericardium.tela subserosa [NA];
superficial l. in a stratified structure, the outermost or topmost of the strata; the stratum nearest the surface. See superficial l. of deep cervical fascia, superficial l. of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, superficial l. of temporalis fascia.lamina superficialis [NA], superficial lamina;
superficial l. of deep cervical fascia investing l. of deep cervical fascia
superficial gray l. of superior colliculus See gray l. of superior colliculus.
superficial l. of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle the superficial fibers of the levator muscle of the superior eyelid which are inserted into the skin of the superior eyelid.lamina superficialis musculi levatoris palpebrae superioris [NA];
superficial l. of temporalis fascia the superficial part of the temporal fascia attaching to the lateral surface of the zygomatic arch.lamina superficialis fasciae temporalis [NA];
suprachoroid l. suprachoroid lamina
Tomes' granular l. a thin l. of dentin adjacent to the cementum, appearing granular in ground sections; the granules are small uncalcified spaces.
vascular l. vascular lamina of choroid
vascular l. of choroid coat of eye vascular lamina of choroid
ventricular l. ependymal l
visceral l. the inner l. of an enveloping sac or bursa which lines the outer surface of the enveloped structure, as opposed to the parietal layer which lines the walls of the occupied space or cavity. The visceral l. is usually thin, delicate and not apparent as being separate, but rather appears to be the outer surface of the structure itself.lamina visceralis [NA];
visceral l. of serous pericardium the inner part of the serous pericardium applied directly on the heart.epicardium [NA], lamina visceralis pericardii [NA];
visceral l. of tunica vaginalis of testis the inner part of the tunica vaginalis testis applied directly to the testis and epididymis.lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis testis [NA];
Waldeyer's zonal l. dorsolateral fasciculus
Weil's basal l. the l. beneath the odontoblasts of the tooth; it contains reticular fibers but few if any cells.Weil's basal zone;
zonular l. 1. a thin l. of white substance covering the upper surface of the thalamus and forming part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle; 2. a l. of white substance on the surface of the superior colliculus.stratum zonale [NA];

lazaret lazaret , lazaretto (laz´a-ret, -ret´o)

Obsolete term for: 1. leprosarium 2. A hospital for the treatment of contagious diseases. 3. A place of detention for persons in quarantine. [It. lazzaretto, fr. lazzaro, a leper]

lb lb

Abbreviation for pound.

LBF LBF

Abbreviation for Lactobacillus bulgaricus factor.

LCAT LCAT

Abbreviation for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.

l-cone l-cone

Long wavelength sensitive cone (red cone).

LD LD

Abbreviation for lethal dose.

LDH LDH

Abbreviation for lactate dehydrogenase.

LDL LDL

Abbreviation for low density lipoprotein. See lipoprotein.

LE LE , L.E.

Abbreviation for left eye; lupus erythematosus.

leaching leaching (lech´ing)

Removal of the soluble constituents of a substance by running water through it.lixiviation; [A.S. leccan, to wet]

lead lead (led)

An electrocardiographic cable with connections within the electronics of the machine designated for an electrode placed at a particular point on the body surface.
ABC l.'s the l.'s for recording one kind of vectorcardiogram utilizing the Arrighi triangle; supplanted by XYZ l.'s.
augmented l. electrocardiogram recorded between one limb and two other limbs. The augmented l. are designated aVF, aVL, and aVR for recordings made between the foot (left), left arm, and right arm, respectively, and the other two limbs.
bipolar l. a record obtained with two electrodes placed on different regions of the body, each electrode contributing significantly to the record; e.g., a standard limb l.
CB l. a bipolar chest l. with the negative electrode placed upon the subject's back.
CF l. a bipolar chest l. with the negative electrode placed on the subject's left leg.
chest l.'s those in which the exploring electrode is on the chest overlying the heart or its vicinity.precordial l.'s, semidirect l.'s;
CL l. a bipolar chest l. with the negative electrode placed on the subject's left arm.
CR l. a bipolar chest l. with the negative electrode placed on the subject's right arm.
direct l. in electrocardiography, a unipolar l. recorded with the exploring electrode placed directly on the surface of the exposed heart.
esophageal l. an electrocardiographic l. passed down the throat into the esophagus to record the electrocardiogram at various levels of the esophagus; especially useful for certain types of arrhythmias. Similarly, a transducer for echocardiography can be passed into the esophagus.
indirect l. standard limb l
intracardiac l. the record obtained when the exploring electrode is placed within one of the heart's chambers, usually by means of cardiac catheterization.
limb l. one of the three standard l.'s (l.'s I, II, III) or one of the unipolar limb l.'s (aVR, aVL, aVF).
precordial l.'s chest l.'s
semidirect l.'s chest l.'s
standard limb l. one of the three original bipolar limb l.'s of the clinical electrocardiogram, designated I, II and III: l. I records the potential difference between the right and left arms; l. II the difference between right arm and left leg; and l. III the difference between left arm and left leg.indirect l;
unipolar l.'s those in which the exploring electrode is on the chest in the vicinity of the heart or on one of the limbs, while the other or indifferent electrode is the central terminal.
V l. a unipolar l. with the central terminal as the indifferent electrode; V is the symbol for unipolar (Latin "U").

lead (Pb) lead (Pb) (led)

A metallic element, atomic no. 82, atomic wt. 207.2; occurs in nature as an oxide or one of the salts, but chiefly as the sulfide, or galena; ²¹⁰Pb (half-life equal to 22.6 years) has been used in the treatment of certain eye conditions.plumbum;
l. acetate has been used as an astringent in diarrhea, and in aqueous solution as a wet dressing in certain dermatoses.sugar of lead;
black l. graphite
l. carbonate a heavy white powder that is insoluble in water; occasionally, it is used to relieve irritation in dermatitis, but it is used largely in the manufacture of paint and in the arts and is thus productive of l. poisoning.ceruse, white l;
l. chromate chrome yellow
l. monoxide has been used as an ingredient in external applications such as l. plaster.l. oxide (yellow), litharge, massicot;
l. oxide (yellow) l. monoxide
red l. l. tetroxide
red oxide of l. l. tetroxide
l. sulfide PbS;the native form in which l. is chiefly found.galena;
l. tetraethyl tetraethyllead
l. tetroxide a bright orange-red powder that turns black when heated; used in ointments and plasters.red l., red oxide of l;
white l. l. carbonate

leaflet leaflet (lef´let)

A layer of phospholipid; thus, a bilayer has two leaflets.

League of Red Cross Societies League of Red Cross Societies

The international federation of national Red Cross and similar societies.

learned helplessness learned helplessness

A laboratory model of depression involving both classical (respondent) and instrumental (operant) conditioning techniques; application of unavoidable shock is followed by failure to cope in situations where coping might otherwise be possible.

learning learning (lern´ing)

Generic term for the relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice. See also conditioning, forgetting, memory.
incidental l. l. without a direct attempt.passive l;
insight l. the grasp of the solution to a problem without the intervening series of the trial and error steps that are associated with most types of learning (e.g., a monkey housed behind the bars of a cage who, without proceeding through countless hours of futile attempts with one stick or the other, fits two sticks together to retrieve a banana outside the distance measured by either stick alone).
latent l. that l. which is not evident to the observer at the time it occurs, but which is inferred from later performance in which l. is more rapid than would be expected without the earlier experience.
passive l. incidental l
rote l. the l. of arbitrary relationships, usually by repetition of the l. procedure through memorization and without an understanding of the relationships.
state-dependent l. l. during a specific state of sleep or wakefulness, or during a chemically altered state, where retrieval of learned information (e.g., as measured by performance of a learned response) cannot be demonstrated unless the subject is restored to the state that originally existed during l.

least squares least squares

A principle of estimation invented by Gauss in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are the quantities that minimize the sum of squared differences between the observed values of the dependent variable and the values predicted by the model.

Le Bel Le Bel

Joseph Achille, French chemist, 1847-1930. See LeB.-van't Hoff rule.

Leber Leber

Theodor, German ophthalmologist, 1840-1917. See L.'s idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis, hereditary optic atrophy, plexus; amaurosis congenita of L.

Le Chatelier Le Chatelier

Henri, French physical chemist, 1850-1936. See LeC.'s law, principle.

lecithal lecithal (les´i-thal)

Having a yolk or pertaining to the yolk of any egg; used especially as a suffix. [G. lekithos, egg yolk]

lecithin lecithin (les´i-thin)

Traditional term for 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines or 3-sn-phosphatidylcholines, phospholipids that on hydrolysis yield two fatty acid molecules and a molecule each of glycerophosphoric acid and choline. In some varieties of l., both fatty acids are saturated, others contain only unsaturated acids (e.g., oleic, linoleic, or arachidonic acid); in others again, one fatty acid is saturated, the other unsaturated. L.'s are yellowish or brown waxy substances, readily miscible in water in which they appear under the microscope as irregular elongated particles known as "myelin forms," and are found in nervous tissue, especially in the myelin sheaths, in egg yolk, and as essential constituents of animal and vegetable cells. [G. lekithos, egg yolk]
l. acyltransferase lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
l.-cholesterol l. a plasma enzyme that catalyzes the uptake of cholesterol esters by intermediate-density lipoproteins formed by high density lipoproteins.

lecithinase lecithinase (les´i-thi-nas)

phospholipase
l. A phospholipase A₂
l. B lysophospholipase
l. C phospholipase C
l. D phospholipase D

lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

An enzyme that reversibly transfers an acyl residue from a lecithin to cholesterol, forming a 1-acylglycerophosphocholine (a lysolecithin) and a cholesterol ester; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to an accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in plasma resulting in anemia, proteinuria, renal failure, and corneal opacities; LCAT is also low in individuals with fish-eye disease.lecithin acyltransferase;

lecithoblast lecithoblast (les´i-tho-blast)

One of the cells proliferating to form the yolk-sac endoderm. [G. lekithos, egg yolk, + blastos, germ]

lecithoprotein lecithoprotein (les´i-tho-pro´ten)

A conjugated protein, with lecithin as the prosthetic group.

Leclef Leclef

See Denys-Leclef phenomenon.

lectin lectin (lek´tin)

A protein of primarily plant (usually seed) origin that binds to glycoproteins on the surface of cells causing agglutination, precipitation, or other phenomena resembling the action of specific antibody; l.'s include plant agglutinins (phytoagglutinins, phytohemagglutinins), plant precipitins, and perhaps certain animal proteins; some have mitogenic properties. [L. lego, pp. lectum, to select, + -in]
mitogenic l. a l. that induces the replication of polynucleic acids and the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Lederer Lederer

Max, U.S. pathologist, 1885-1952. See L.'s anemia.

Ledermann Ledermann

Sully, French psychiatrist. See Ledermann formula.

ledge ledge (lej)

In anatomy, a structure resembling a ledge. See also shelf, lamina.
dental l. a band of ectodermal cells growing from the epithelium of the embryonic jaws into the underlying mesenchyme; local buds from the l. give rise to the primordia of the enamel organs of the teeth.dental lamina, dental shelf, dentogingival lamina, enamel l., primary dental lamina;
enamel l. dental l

Lee Lee

Robert, English physician, 1793-1877. See L.'s ganglion.

Lee Lee

Roger I., U.S. physician, *1881. See L.-White method.

leech leech (lech)

1. A bloodsucking aquatic annelid worm (genus Hirudo, class Hirudinea) formerly used in medicine for local withdrawal of blood.For various l. species, see Hirudo 2. To treat medically by applying leeches. [A.S. laece, a physician; a leech, because of its therapeutic use]

leeching leeching (lech´ing)

The former practice of applying leeches to the body to draw blood for therapeutic purposes.

Leede Leede

Carl S., U.S. physician, *1882. See Rumpel-L. sign, test; L.-Rumpel phenomenon.

LEEP LEEP

Abbreviation for loop electrocautery excision procedure.

Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek

Anton van, Dutch microscopist, 1632-1723. See L.'s canals, under canal.

Lefèvre Lefèvre

Paul, 20th century French dermatologist. See Papillon-L. syndrome.

Le Fort Le Fort

Léon C., French surgeon and gynecologist, 1829-1893. See LeF. I fracture, II fracture, III fracture, sound; LeF.'s amputation.

left-footed left-footed

sinistropedal

left-handed left-handed

Denoting the habitual or more skillful use of the left hand for writing and for most manual operations.sinistromanual;

left-sidedness left-sidedness

The normal left-sided location of certain unpaired organs, such as the spleen and most of the stomach.
bilateral l.-s. a syndrome in which normally unpaired organs develop more symmetrically in mirror image; two spleens, one on each side, are usually present, and cardiovascular anomalies are common.polysplenia syndrome;

leg leg

1. The segment of the inferior limb between the knee and the ankle; commonly used to mean the entire inferior limb. 2. A structure resembling a leg.crus (1) [NA];
l. of antihelix crus of antihelix
Barbados l. elephantiasis
bow-l. See genu varum.
elephant l. elephantiasis
milk l. phlegmasia alba dolens
restless l.'s restless legs syndrome
rider's l. a strain of the adductor muscles of the thigh.
scaly l. a thickened, encrusted condition of the legs of fowls caused by the mite, Knemidokoptes mutans.
tennis l. a rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle at the musculotendinous junction, resulting from forcible contractions of the calf muscles; commonly seen in tennis players.
white l. phlegmasia alba dolens

Legal Legal

Emmo, German physician, 1859-1922. See L.'s test.

Legendre Legendre

Gaston J., French physician, *1887. See L.'s sign.

Legg Legg

Arthur T., U.S. surgeon, 1874-1939. See L.-Calvé-Perthes disease.

-legia -legia

Reading, as distinguished from the G. derivatives, -lexis and -lexy, which signify speech. from G. lego, to say. [L. lego, to read]

Legionella Legionella (le-ju-nel´la)

A genus of aerobic, motile, non-acid-fast, non-encapsulated, Gram-negative bacilli (family Legionellaceae) that have a nonfermentative metabolism and require l-cysteine HCl and iron salts for growth; they are water-dwelling and airborne-spread, and are pathogenic for humans. The type species is L. pneumophila.
L. bozeman´ii a species that causes human pneumonia.
L. dumoffii a species implicated in pneumonia.
L. feeleii a species implicated in pneumonia.
L. gormanii a species implicated in pneumonia.
L. longbeachae a species implicated in pneumonia.
L. micda´dei a species that causes Pittsburgh pneumonia, a variant of Legionnaires' disease. Accounts for approximately 60% of Legionella pneumonias other than those caused by L..Pittsburgh pneumonia agent;
L. pneumo´phila a species that is the etiologic agent of Legionnaires' disease; believed to grow in plumbing systems or in standing water in ventilation systems. The type species of the genus L.
L. wadsworthii a species implicated in pneumonia.

legionellosis legionellosis (le-ju-nel-o´sis)

Legionnaire's disease

legumin legumin (le-gu´min, leg´u-min)

avenin

leguminivorous leguminivorous (le-gu-mi-niv´o-rus)

Feeding on beans, peas, and other legumes.

Lehmann Lehmann

J.O. Orla, Swedish physician, *1927. See Börjeson-Forssman-L. syndrome.

Leichtenstern Leichtenstern

Otto, German physician, 1845-1900. See L.'s phenomenon, sign.

Leigh Leigh

Denis, British psychiatrist, *1915. See L.'s disease.

Leiner Leiner

Karl, Austrian pediatrician, 1871-1930. See L.'s disease.

leio- leio-

Smooth. [G. leios]

leiodermia leiodermia (lI-o-der´me-a)

Smooth, glossy skin. [leio- + G. derma, skin]

leiomyofibroma leiomyofibroma (lI-o-mI´o-fI-bro´ma)

fibroleiomyoma

leiomyoma leiomyoma (lI´o-mI-o´ma)

A benign neoplasm derived from smooth (nonstriated) muscle. [leio- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]
l. cu´tis cutaneous eruption of multiple small painful nodules composed of smooth muscle fibers; derived from arrector muscles of hair.dermatomyoma;
parasitic l. a uterine l. which has become detached from the uterus and adherent to another peritoneal surface from which it derives a blood supply.
vascular l. a markedly vascular l., apparently arising from the smooth muscle of blood vessels.angioleiomyoma, angiomyofibroma, angiomyoma;

leiomyomatosis leiomyomatosis (lI´o-mI´o-ma-to´sis)

The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body.

leiomyomectomy leiomyomectomy (lI´o-mI-o-mek´to-me)

Surgical resection of a leiomyoma, usually of the uterus.

leiomyosarcoma leiomyosarcoma (lI´o-mI´o-sar-ko´ma)

A malignant neoplasm derived from smooth (nonstriated) muscle. [leio- + myosarcoma]

leiotrichous leiotrichous (lI-ot´ri-kus)

Having straight hair. [leio- + G. thrix, hair]

leipo- leipo-

See lipo-.

Leipzig yellow Leipzig yellow [C.I. 77600]

chrome yellow

Leishman Leishman

Sir William B., Scottish surgeon, 1865-1926. See Leishmania; L.'s chrome cells, under cell, stain; L.-Donovan body.

Leishmania Leishmania (lesh-man´e-a)

A genus of digenetic, asexual, protozoan flagellates (family Trypanosomatidae) that occur as amastigotes in the macrophages of vertebrate hosts, and as promastigotes in invertebrate hosts and in cultures. Species are largely indistinguishable morphologically, but may be separated by clinical manifestations, geographic distribution and epidemiology, developmental patterns of promastigotes in their sandfly hosts, virulence testing of clones in vivo, the effect of test sera on growth in culture, cross-immunity tests, and serotyping with promastigote excreted factors; strains also can be distinguished by various biochemical analyses. Such procedures have identified all of the recognized groups and confirmed the separation of New World leishmaniasis agents into two species complexes, L. mexicana and L. braziliensis. [W. B. Leishman]
L. aethio´pica an African species of L. responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, with a reservoir of human infection in the rock hyraxes, Procavia capensis and Heterohyrax brucei, and in Kenya, with reservoirs in the tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus, and the giant rat, Cricetomys gambianus; vectors are the sandflies Phlebotomus longpipes and P. pedifer. It causes a cutaneous leishmaniasis of three types: classical oriental sore, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; ulceration is late or absent and healing takes one to three years.
L. brazilien´sis a species that is the causal agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, endemic in southern Mexico and Central and South America, and transmitted by various species of Lutzomyia (New World sandflies); forest rodents and other neotropical arboreal animals serve as reservoir hosts. L. braziliensis is currently divided into three clinically, epidemiologically, and biochemically distinct strains or subspecies: L. b. braziliensis, L. b. guyanensis, and L. b. panamensis.
L. brazilien´sis brazilien´sis the type subspecies of L. braziliensis and the agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. A natural reservoir of infection remains unknown, but the proven vector in Brazil is Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) wellcomei; other sandflies may also transmit the infection.
L. brazilien´sis guyanen´sis a subspecies within the L. braziliensis complex from Brazil and Guyana, and the cause of the cutaneous leishmaniasis condition locally known as "pian bois"; the reservoir host in Brazil is the sloth Choloepus hoffmani and the vector is the sandfly Lutzomyia umbratilis.
L. brazilien´sis panamen´sis a subspecies of L. braziliensis found in Panama, Colombia, and neighboring regions; it causes ulcerating lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis which do not heal spontaneously and often involve nearby lymphatic tissues, but nasopharyngeal involvement is rare. The sloth Choloepus hoffmani is the reservoir in Panama and Costa Rica; the sandfly Lutzomyia trapidoi has been proven to be a vector.
L. donova´ni a species that is the causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Mediterranean and adjacent countries, the south central section of the area formerly known as the USSR, eastern India, northern China, Kenya, Ethiopia, and the Sudan; also found in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela; in the Old World, it is transmitted by various species of Phlebotomus; New World vectors are species of Lutzomyia; dogs and other carnivores are known as reservoir hosts in some areas. The intracellular amastigote form multiplies in macrophages and produces a reticuloendothelial hyperplasia grossly affecting the spleen and liver, with other lymphoid tissues being involved as well, resulting in severe hepatosplenomegaly which usually is fatal if untreated.
L. donova´ni archibal´di See L. donovani donovani.
L. donova´ni chaga´si a subspecies of L. found in South America, chiefly in Brazil, producing visceral leishmaniasis; infections have been found in domestic dogs and in foxes, though the primary reservoir host is unclear. The vector remains undiscovered, and the taxonomic status of this subspecies is uncertain.
L. donova´ni donova´ni the type subspecies and agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent; a few cases occur in the south central section of the area known as the former USSR, and in Iran, Iraq, and possibly Yemen; the dog and jackal are animal reservoirs. The form in Africa may be this subspecies, though the name L. donovani archibaldi is also used.
L. donova´ni infan´tum a strain or subspecies of L. donovani that causes visceral leishmaniasis in young children in Mediterranean countries; the reservoir is the domestic dog.
L. furunculo´sa former name for L. tropica.
L. ma´jor a species responsible for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a large area of the Mediterranean region and Asia Minor. The animal reservoirs are usually ground squirrels, such as Rhombomys opimus in the area formerly known as the USSR and elsewhere in south central Asia, and other rodents in northwest India, the Middle East, and northern Africa; proven sandfly vectors include Phlebotomus papatasi, P. duboscqi, and P. salehi.L. tropica major;
L. mexica´na the agent of many forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, now considered a complex of several subspecies or possibly species, each with distinctive DNA and enzyme characteristics, distribution, and vector-reservoir host association, resulting in distinct manifestations of human leishmaniasis; reservoir hosts are extremely diverse and include a wide array of arboreal rodents as well as marsupials, primates, and small carnivores. Typical disease forms caused by this species are chiclero's ulcer and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, in contrast with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, more characteristic of L. braziliensis infection.L. tropica mexicana;
L. mexica´na amazonen´sis a particularly widespread form of L. mexicana in the Amazon basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and southern Venezuela), where it infects a variety of forest rodents, the reservoirs of human infection. The disease is rare in humans, but the single or multiple lesions, when induced, rarely heal spontaneously; the disseminated form is common, but nasopharyngeal involvement does not occur. The vector is the sandfly Lutzomyia flaviscutellata.
L. mexica´na garnha´mi a subspecies of L. mexicana, found in western Venezuela, causing single or multiple lesions in humans that heal spontaneously in about six months; the probable sandfly vector is Lutzomyia townsendi.
L. mexica´na mexica´na a species described from Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; agent of a form of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis called chiclero's ulcer, associated with chicle gum and mahogany forest workers. The New World sandfly, Lutzomyia olmeca, is a proven vector of this subspecies.
L. mexica´na pifa´noi a strain of L. mexicana accorded species status by those who consider it responsible for the diffuse or disseminated form of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is responsible for this condition in Venezuela, where it was described, but it is now recognized that several species and subspecies of L. cause similar disseminated forms of leishmaniasis in widely separated regions (L. mexicana amazonensis, L. aethiopica); absence or suppression of the cell-mediated immune response in the host is also an important factor in induction of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis.L. pifanoi;
L. mexica´na venezuelen´sis a recently described subspecies of L. mexicana from Venezuela that causes indolent, nodular, single lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis to develop, sometimes with curable disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis; infection has also been found in equines.
L. peruvia´na species of L. found infecting humans in the high Andean valleys of Peru and Bolivia; cause of a distinct form of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis called uta.
L. pifa´noi L. mexicana pifanoi
L. trop´ica species that is the causal agent of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis; formerly endemic throughout the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, parts of the southern section of the area formerly known as the USSR and elsewhere in Asia, and also reported from western Africa; it is transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi, P. sergenti, and related species of sandflies; small rodents such as various ground squirrels serve as reservoir hosts.
L. trop´ica ma´jor L. major
L. trop´ica mexica´na L. mexicana

leishmaniasis leishmaniasis (lesh´ma-nI´a-sis)

Infection with a species of Leishmania resulting in a clinically ill-defined group of diseases traditionally divided into four major types: 1) visceral l. (kala azar); 2) Old World cutaneous l.; 3) New World cutaneous l.; 4) mucocutaneous l. Each is clinically and geographically distinct and each has in recent years been subdivided further into clinical and epidemiological categories. Transmission is by various sandfly species of the genus Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia. See tropical diseases, under disease.leishmaniosis;
acute cutaneous l. zoonotic cutaneous l
American l. , l. america´na mucocutaneous l
anergic l. diffuse cutaneous l
anthroponotic cutaneous l. a form of Old World cutaneous l., usually with a prolonged incubation period and confined to urban areas.chronic cutaneous l., dry cutaneous l., urban cutaneous l;
canine l. a mild infection of dogs, usually confined to the muzzle or ears, produced by human disease-causing species of Leishmania; dogs therefore are important reservoirs of human infection, such as with visceral l. in the Mediterranean region.
chronic cutaneous l. anthroponotic cutaneous l
cutaneous l. infection with promastigotes (leptomonads) of Leishmania tropica and of L. major inoculated into the skin by the bite of an infected sandfly, Phlebotomus (commonly P. papatasi); it is endemic in parts of Asia Minor, northern Africa, and India, and is known by innumerable names, each indicating its locality (e.g., Aleppo, Baghdad, Delhi, or Jericho boil; Aden ulcer; Biskra button); the ulcer begins as a papule that enlarges to a nodule and then breaks down into an ulcer. Two distinctive clinical and epidemiological diseases are recognized, the more common and widespread zoonotic rural disease with a moist acute form, caused by L. major, with reservoir rodent hosts; and an urban, anthroponotic, dry, chronic form of l. caused by L. tropica, without a reservoir host, and now largely controlled. See zoonotic cutaneous l., anthroponotic cutaneous l.juccuya, Old World l., tropical sore;
diffuse l. diffuse cutaneous l
diffuse cutaneous l. l. caused by several New and Old World species and strains of Leishmania (L. mexicana amazonensis, L. m. pifanoi, possibly L. m. garnhami and L. m. venezuelensis; in Ethiopia, L. aethiopica, and unidentified leishmanial agents in Namibia and Tanzania). The condition is associated with a suppressed cell-mediated immune response, so that the non-ulcerating, non-necrotizing cutaneous lesions can spread widely over the body; great numbers of parasite-filled macrophages are found in the dermal lesions. Healing does not appear to occur unless an acquired cellular hypersensitivity can develop.anergic l., diffuse l., disseminated cutaneous l., l. tegumentaria diffusa, pseudolepromatous l;
disseminated cutaneous l. diffuse cutaneous l
dry cutaneous l. anthroponotic cutaneous l
infantile l. visceral l. in infants, from Leishmania donovani infantum.
lupoid l. l. recidivans
mucocutaneous l. a grave disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis, endemic in southern Mexico and Central and South America, except for the equatorial region of Chile; the organism does not invade the viscera, and the disease is limited to the skin and mucous membranes, the lesions resembling the sores of cutaneous l. caused by L. mexicana or L. tropica; the chancrous sores heal after a time, but some months or years later, fungating and eroding forms of ulceration may appear on the tongue and buccal or nasal mucosa; many variants of the disease exist, marked by differences in distribution, vector, epidemiology, and pathology, which suggest that it may in fact be caused by a number of closely related etiological agents. See also espundia.American l., l. americana, nasopharyngeal l., New World l;
nasopharyngeal l. mucocutaneous l
New World l. mucocutaneous l
Old World l. cutaneous l
pseudolepromatous l. diffuse cutaneous l
l. recid´ivans a partially healing leishmanial lesion caused by Leishmania tropica and characterized by an extreme form of cellular immune response, intense granuloma production, fibrinoid necrosis without caseation, and frequent development of satellite lesions that continue the production of granulomatous tissue without healing, sometimes over a period of many years; organisms are difficult to demonstrate but can be cultured.lupoid l;
rural cutaneous l. zoonotic cutaneous l
l. tegumenta´ria diffu´sa diffuse cutaneous l
urban cutaneous l. anthroponotic cutaneous l
visceral l. a chronic disease, occurring in India, Assam, China, the area formerly known as the Mediterranean littoral areas, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, South and Central America, Asia, Africa caused by Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of an appropriate species of sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia; the organisms grow and multiply in macrophages, eventually causing them to burst and liberate amastigote parasites which then invade other macrophages; proliferation of macrophages in the bone marrow causes crowding out of erythroid and myeloid elements, resulting in leukopenia, and anemia, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly which are characteristic, along with enlargement of lymph nodes; fever, fatigue, malaise, and secondary infections also occur; different strains of L. donovani occur; L. infantum in Eurasia, L. chagasi in Latin America.Assam fever, black sickness, Burdwan fever, cachectic fever, Dumdum fever, kala azar, tropical splenomegaly;
visceral l. Visceral l. caused by Leishmania tropica, cultured from bone marrow aspirates of military patients following Operation Desert Storm.
wet cutaneous l. zoonotic cutaneous l
zoonotic cutaneous l. a form of cutaneous l. characterized by rural distribution of human cases near infected rodents, particularly communal ground squirrels; characterized by acute rapidly developing dermal lesions that become severely inflamed, with moist necrotizing sores or ulcers that heal in two to eight months after a two to four month incubation period; among nonimmune immigrants, multiple lesions may develop, which heal more slowly and leave disabling or disfiguring scars. A strong delayed hypersensitivity and involvement of immune complexes play a role in necrosis, which is part of the healing process and of the strong specific immunity that follows.acute cutaneous l., rural cutaneous l., wet cutaneous l;

leishmaniosis leishmaniosis (lesh´man-e-o´sis)

leishmaniasis

leishmanoid leishmanoid (lesh´ma-noyd)

A condition resembling leishmaniasis.
dermal l. post-kala azar dermal l
post-kala azar dermal l. a chronic, progressive, granulomatous, nonulcerating hypopigmented nodular cutaneous outbreak that may appear 6 months to 5 years after spontaneous or drug cure of visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar); this condition was first described in India and is most characteristic of kala azar in that country.dermal l;

Leiter Leiter

Russell G., U.S. psychologist, *1901. See L. International Performance Scale.

Lejeune Lejeune

Jerôme J.L.M., French cytogeneticist, *1926. See L. syndrome.

Lembert Lembert

Antoine, French surgeon, 1802-1851. See L. suture; Czerny-L. suture.

lemic lemic (le´mik)

Relating to plague or any epidemic disease. [G. loimos, plague]

Lemli Lemli

Luc, 20th century U.S. pediatrician. See Smith-L.-Opitz syndrome.

lemmoblast lemmoblast (lem´o-blast)

In an embryo, a cell of neural crest origin capable of forming a cell of the neurilemma sheath. [G. lemma, husk, + blastos, germ]

lemmocyte lemmocyte (lem´o-sIt)

One of the cells of the neurolemma. [G. lemma, husk, + kytos, cell]

lemniscus lemniscus, pl. lemnisci (lem-nis´kus, -nis´I) [NA]

A bundle of nerve fibers ascending from sensory relay nuclei to the thalamus.fillet (1); [L. from G. lemniskos, ribbon or fillet]
acoustic l. lateral l
auditory l. lateral l
gustatory l. the uncrossed secondary-sensory fiber system ascending from the rhombencephalic gustatory nucleus to the parabrachial nuclei (rostral pontine level) and directly to the thalamic gustatory nucleus (ventral postero-medial nucleus, pars parvicellularis).
lateral l. a bundle of ascending fibers that originate from the cochlear and auditory relay nuclei of the rhombencephalon, enter the trapezoid body, a transverse fiber stratum in which about half their number decussate, and from here turn rostrally along the lateral side of the spinothalamic tract; in the midbrain, it arches dorsally and enters the inferior colliculus in which all of its fibers terminate; the auditory pathway is transsynaptically extended from here by the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus, from which in turn the auditory radiation leads to the auditory cortex; intercalated in the trapezoid body and along the ascending trajectory of the l. are several cell groups in which part of the fibers synapse.l. lateralis [NA], acoustic l., auditory l., auditory tract, lateral fillet;
l. latera´lis [NA] lateral l
medial l. a band of white fibers originating from the gracile and cuneate nuclei and decussating in the lower medulla; thence it passes upward through the center of the medulla oblongata, close to the median raphe; on entering the pons it spreads out laterally to form a flat band ascending over the dorsal border of the pontine nuclei; in the mesencephalon it passes over the dorsal border of the substantia nigra and is displaced laterally by the red nucleus; passing medial to the medial geniculate body, the bundle enters and terminates in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Throughout their course, the fibers retain a somatotopic order such that those originating from the gracile nucleus and representing the lower extremity lie lateral to those originating in the cuneate nucleus and representing the arm. The medial l. conveys somatic-sensory information involved in tactile discrimination (two-point discrimination), position sense, and vibration sense.l. medialis [NA], medial fillet, Reil's band (2), Reil's ribbon;
l. media´lis [NA] medial l
spinal l. spinothalamic tract
l. spina´lis [NA] spinothalamic tract
trigeminal l. collective term denoting the fibers ascending from the sensory nucleus of the trigeminus; one such fiber system originates from the main sensory nucleus, largely decussates, and ascends as the ventral trigeminal l. to join the medial l. with which it enters the ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, terminating in the mediodorsal region of that nucleus; a second, uncrossed, fiber group follows an ascending course through central parts of the mesencephalic tegmentum ("dorsal trigeminal l."). The trigeminal l. conveys tactile, pain, and temperature impulses from the skin of the face, the mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, and the eye, as well as proprioceptive information from the facial and masticatory muscles.l. trigeminalis [NA];
l. trigemina´lis [NA] trigeminal l

lemon lemon (lem´on)

The fruit of Citrus limon (family Rutaceae); a source of citric and ascorbic acid; the freshly expressed juice of the ripe fruit is used as a refrigerant diuretic in fever, in the form of lemonade.limon; [L. limon]

lemon yellow lemon yellow

chrome yellow

Lendrum Lendrum

A.C., 20th century Scottish pathologist. See L.'s phloxine-tartrazine stain; Fraser-L. stain for fibrin.

Lenègre Lenègre

Jean, 20th century French cardiologist. See L.'s disease, syndrome.

length length

Linear distance between two points.
arch l. the amount of space required for the permanent teeth as measured from the mesial aspect of the first molar on one side to the mesial aspect of the first molar on the opposite side, as measured through the contact points along an imaginary line of the dental arch.
available arch l. the amount of space available for the permanent teeth around the dental arch from first permanent molar to first permanent molar.
crown-heel l. (CH) l. of an outstretched embryo or fetus from skull vertex to heel. See Streeter's developmental horizon(s).
crown-rump l. (CR, CRL) a measurement from the skull vertex to the midpoint between the apices of the buttocks of an embryo or fetus, that permits approximation of embryonic or fetal age.
greatest l. measurement from the cranial to caudal end of the embryo prior to folding.
required arch l. the sum of the mesiodistal widths of the permanent teeth from first permanent molar to first permanent molar.
resting l. the length at rest from which a muscle develops maximum isometric tension.
spinal l. (SL) a measurement from the distal surface of the embryo where the plane passes through the developing eye (this is the cranial limit of the spinal cord) down to the rump.

Lenhossék Lenhossék

Michael (Mihály) von, Hungarian anatomist, 1863-1937. See L.'s processes, under process.

lenitive lenitive (len´i-tiv)

1. Soothing; relieving discomfort or pain. 2. Rarely used term for a demulcent. [L. lenio, pp. lenitus, to soften, fr. lenis, mild]

Lennert Lennert

K. See L.'s lymphoma; L. classification.

Lennox Lennox

William G., U.S. neurologist, 1884-1960. See L. syndrome; L.-Gastaut syndrome.

Lenoir Lenoir

Camille A.H., French anatomist, *1867. See L.'s facet.

lens lens (lenz)

1. A transparent material with one or both surfaces having a concave or convex curve; acts upon electromagnetic energy to cause convergence or divergence of light rays. 2. [NA] The transparent biconvex cellular refractive structure lying between the iris and the vitreous humor, consisting of a soft outer part (cortex) with a denser part (nucleus), and surrounded by a basement membrane (capsule); the anterior surface has a cuboidal epithelium, and at the equator the cells elongate to become lens fibers.crystalline l; [L. a lentil]
achromatic l. a compound l. made of two or more l.'s having different indices of refraction, so correlated as to minimize chromatic aberration.
acoustic l. in ultrasonography, a l. used to focus or diverge a sound beam; may be simulated by electronic manipulation of signals.
aplanatic l. a l. designed to correct spherical aberration and coma (q.v.).periscopic meniscus;
apochromatic l. a compound l. designed to correct both spherical and chromatic aberrations.
aspheric l. a l. with a paraboloidal surface that eliminates spherical aberration.
astigmatic l. cylindrical l
biconcave l. a l. that is concave on two opposing surfaces.concavoconcave l., double concave l;
biconvex l. a l. with both surfaces convex.convexoconvex l., double convex l;
bifocal l. a l. used in cases of presbyopia, in which one portion is suited for distant vision, the other for reading and close work in general; the reading addition may be cemented to the l., fused to the front surface, or ground in one-piece form; other bifocal l.'s are the flat-top Franklin type, or blended invisible.
cataract l. any l. prescribed for aphakia.
compound l. an optical system of two or more lenses.
concave l. a diverging minus power lens.minus l;
concavoconcave l. biconcave l
concavoconvex l. a converging meniscus l. that is concave on one surface and convex on the opposite surface.
contact l. a l. that fits over the cornea and sclera or cornea only; used to correct refractive errors.
convex l. a converging l.plus l;
convexoconcave l. a minus power l. having one surface convex and the opposite surface concave, with the latter having the greater curvature.
convexoconvex l. biconvex l
corneal l. contact l. of plastic without scleral portions.
crystalline l. lens (2)
cylindrical l. (cyl., C) a l. in which one of the surfaces is curved in one meridian and less curved in the opposite meridian; e.g., a teaspoon or a football.astigmatic l;
decentered l. a l. so mounted that the visual axis does not pass through the axis of the l.
dislocation of l. ectopia lentis
double concave l. biconcave l
double convex l. biconvex l
eye l. the upper of the two planoconvex l.'s of Huygens' ocular.ocular l;
field l. the lower of the two planoconvex l.'s of Huygens' ocular.
Fresnel l. a l. with a surface consisting of a concentric series of zones that duplicate the power of a l. or prism but with less thickness.lighthouse l;
immersion l. an objective (for a microscope) constructed in such a manner that the lower l. may be moved downward into direct contact with a fluid which is placed on the object being examined; by using a fluid with a refractive index closely similar to that of glass, the loss of light is minimized.
lighthouse l. Fresnel l
meniscus l. a l. having a spherical concave curve on one side and a spherical convex curve on the other.meniscus (1);
minus l. concave l
multifocal l. a l. with segments providing two or more powers; commonly, a trifocal l.
ocular l. eye l
omnifocal l. a l. for near and distant vision in which the reading portion is a continuously variable curve.
orthoscopic l. a spectacle l. corrected for distortion and curvature of the periphery.
periscopic l. a lens with 1.25 D base curve.
photochromic l. a light-sensitive spectacle l. that reduces light transmission in sunlight and increases transmission in reduced light.
planoconcave l. a l. that is flat on one side and concave on the other.
planoconvex l. a l. that is flat on one side and convex on the other.
plus l. convex l
safety l. a l. that meets government specifications of impact resistance; the increased impact resistance required for safety l.'s is obtained by tempering, by an ion-exchange process, or by using laminated or plastic lenses.
slab-off l. a spectacle l. with a base-up prism below; used in unequal myopia to equalize image displacement when reading.
spherical l. (S, sph.) a l. in which all refracting surfaces are spherical.
spherocylindrical l. a combined spherical and cylindrical l., one surface being spherical, the other cylindrical.spherocylinder;
toric l. a lens in which both meridians are curved but not to the same degree.
trial l.'s a series of cylindrical and spherical l.'s used in testing vision.
trifocal l. a l. with segments of three focal powers: distant, intermediate, and near.

lens l.c. lens l.c.

Geneva lens measure

lensectomy lensectomy (len-sek´to-me)

Removal of the lens of the eye by an infusion-aspiration cutter; often done by puncture incision through the pars plana in the course of vitrectomy. [lens + G. ektome, excision]

lensometer lensometer (len-zom´e-ter)

An instrument to measure the power and cylindrical axis of a spectacle lens.focimeter, vertometer; [lens + G. metron, measure]

lensopathy lensopathy (lenz-op´a-the)

The process by which tear proteins are deposited on a contact lens. [lens + G. pathos, suffering]

lenticonus lenticonus (len-ti-ko´nus)

Conical projection of the anterior or posterior surface of the lens of the eye, occurring as a developmental anomaly. [lens + L. conus, cone]

lenticula lenticula (len-tik´yu-la)

1. lenticular nucleus 2. lentigo [L. dim. of lens]

lenticular lenticular (len-tik´yu´lar)

1. Relating to or resembling a lens of any kind. 2. Of the shape of a lentil. [L. lenticula, a lentil]

lenticulo-optic lenticulo-optic (len-tik´yu-lo-op´tik)

Relating to the lentiform nucleus and the optic tract; specifically refers to branches of the middle cerebral artery considered to supply these structures.

lenticulopapular lenticulopapular (len-tik´yu-lo-pap´yu-lar)

Indicating an eruption with dome-shaped or lens-shaped papules.

lenticulostriate lenticulostriate (len-tik´yu-lo-strI´at)

Relating to the lenticular nucleus and the caudate nucleus; specifically refers to branches of the middle cerebral artery supplying these gray masses.

lenticulothalamic lenticulothalamic (len-tik´yu-lo-tha-lam´ik)

Pertaining to the lentiform (lenticular) nucleus and the thalamus.

lenticulus lenticulus, pl. lenticuli (len-tik´yu-lus, -lI)

Seldom-used term for an intraocular lens prosthesis placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye, or attached to the iris after cataract extraction.prosthetophacos, pseudophacos; [L. dim. of lens, lentis, a little lens]

lentiform lentiform (len´ti-form)

Lens-shaped.

lentigines lentigines (len-tij´i-nez)

Plural of lentigo. [L.]

lentiginosis lentiginosis (len-tij-i-no´sis)

Presence of lentigenes in very large numbers or in a distinctive configuration.
centrofacial l. [MIM*151000 & MIM*151001] uncommon autosomal dominant syndrome of small hyperpigmented macules in a horizontal band across the center of the face at one year, increasing in number up to ten years, and associated with skeletal and neural defects.
generalized l. lentigines occurring singly or in groups from infancy onward.

lentiglobus lentiglobus (len-ti-glo´bus)

Rare congenital anomaly with a spheroid elevation on the posterior surface of the lens of the eye. [lens + L. globus, sphere]

lentigo lentigo, pl. lentigines (len-tI´go, len-tij´i-nez)

A brown macule resembling a freckle except that the border is usually regular, and microscopic proliferation of rete ridges is present; scattered melanocytes are seen in the basal cell layer. See also junction nevus.lenticula (2); [L. fr. lens (lent-), a lentil]
l. maligna a brown or black mottled, irregularly outlined, slowly enlarging lesion resembling a l. in which there are increased numbers of scattered atypical melanocytes in the epidermis, usually occurring on the face of older persons; after many years the dermis may be invaded and the lesion is then termed l. maligna melanoma.Hutchinson's freckle, melanotic freckle;
senile l. a variably pigmented l. occurring on exposed skin of older Caucasians.liver spot, solar l;
solar l. senile l

Lentivirinae Lentivirinae (len´ti-vir´i-ne)

A subfamily of viruses (family Retroviridae) that includes the slow viruses of sheep (visna virus and maedi virus) and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses, including human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. The viruses resemble the C-type RNA tumor viruses (Oncovirinae) in many ways, including production of reverse transcriptase. [L. lentus, sluggish, slow]

lentivirus lentivirus (len´ti-vI-rus)

Any virus of the subfamily Lentivirinae.

lentogenic lentogenic (len-to-jen´ik)

Denoting the virulence of a virus capable of inducing lethal infection in embryonic hosts after a long incubation period and an inapparent infection in immature and adult hosts; the term is used in characterizing Newcastle disease virus, particularly strains used as vaccines administered in water or as sprays. [L. lentus, sluggish, inactive, + G. -gen, producing]

lentula lentula , lentulo (len´tyu-la, -lo)

A motorized, flexible, spiral wire instrument used in dentistry to apply paste filling material into the root canal(s) of a tooth. [L. lentus, pliant, flexible]

leontiasis leontiasis (le-on-tI´a-sis)

The ridges and furrows on the forehead and cheeks of patients with advanced lepromatous leprosy, giving a leonine appearance.leonine facies; [G. leon (leont-), lion]
l. os´sea megacephaly

LEOPARD LEOPARD [MIM*151101]

Acronym for lentigines (multiple), electrocardiographic abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonary stenosis, abnormalities of genitalia, retardation of growth, and deafness (sensorineural).

leopard's bane leopard's bane

arnica

Leopold Leopold

Christian G., German physician, 1846-1911. See L.'s maneuvers, under maneuver.

Lepehne Lepehne

Georg, German physician, *1887. See L.-Pickworth stain.

leper leper (lep´er)

A person who has leprosy. [G. lepra]

lepidic lepidic (le-pid´ik)

Relating to scales or a scaly covering layer. [G. lepis (lepid-), scale, rind]

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera (lep-i-dop´ter-a)

An order of insects comprised of the moths and butterflies, characterized by wings covered with delicate scales. [G. lepis, scale, + pteron, wing]

lepidosis lepidosis (lep-i-do´sis)

Any scaly or desquamating eruption. [G. lepis, scale, rind, + -osis, condition]

Leporipoxvirus Leporipoxvirus (lep´o-ri-poks´vI-rus)

The genus of viruses (family Poxviridae) that comprises the fibroma and myxoma viruses of rabbits; unlike the orthopoxviruses, they are ether-sensitive. [L. leporis, gen. of lepus, a hare, + virus]

lepothrix lepothrix (lep´o-thriks)

trichomycosis axillaris [G. lepos, rind, husk, + thrix, hair]

lepra lepra (lep´ra)

Obsolete term for leprosy. [G. leprosy]

leprechaunism leprechaunism (lep´re-kawn-izm) [MIM*246200]

A congenital form of dwarfism characterized by extreme growth retardation, endocrine disorders, and emaciation, with elfin facies and large low-set ears; autosomal recessive inheritance.Donohue's disease, Donohue's syndrome; [Irish leprechaun, elf]

leprid leprid

Early cutaneous lesion of leprosy. [G. lepra, leprosy, + -id (1)]

leprologist leprologist (le-prol´o-jist)

A physician who specializes in the study of leprosy.

leprology leprology (le-prol´o-je)

The science and study of leprosy. [G. lepra, leprosy, + logos, study]

leproma leproma (le-pro´ma)

A fairly well-circumscribed discrete focus of granulomatous inflammation, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which consists chiefly of an accumulation of large mononuclear phagocytic cells in which the cytoplasm seems finely vacuolated (i.e., foam cells); the foamlike character of the macrophages is related to the engulfing of numerous acid-fast organisms. [G. lepros, scaly, + -oma, tumor]

lepromatous lepromatous (lep-ro´ma-tus)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, the features of a leproma.

lepromin lepromin (lep´ro-min)

An extract of tissue infected with Mycobacterium leprae used in skin tests to classify the stage of leprosy. See also lepromin reaction, test.

leprosarium leprosarium (lep´ro-sar´e-um)

A hospital especially designed for the care of those suffering from leprosy, especially those who need expert care.lazaret (1), lazaretto;

leprose leprose (lep´ros)

leprous

leprosery leprosery (lep´ro-ser-e)

A leper home or colony.

leprostatic leprostatic (lep-ro-stat´ik)

1. Inhibiting to the growth of Mycobacterium leprae. 2. An agent having this action.

leprosy leprosy (lep´ro-se)

1. A name used in the Bible to describe various cutaneous diseases, especially those of a chronic or contagious nature, which probably included psoriasis and leukoderma. 2. Hansen's disease [G. lepra, from lepros, scaly]
anesthetic l. a form of l. chiefly affecting the nerves, marked by hyperesthesia succeeded by anesthesia, and by paralysis, ulceration, and various trophic disturbances, terminating in gangrene and mutilation.Danielssen's disease, Danielssen-Boeck disease, dry l., trophoneurotic l;
articular l. a late stage of anesthetic l.mutilating l;
borderline l. a form of l. that is very unstable immunologically; the cutaneous nerves frequently present bacilli, but the lepromin test is usually negative; cutaneous lesions are comprised of flat bands or plaques.dimorphous l;
dimorphous l. borderline l
dry l. anesthetic l
histoid l. a form of lepromatous l. with lesions microscopically resembling dermatofibromas or other spindle-celled tumors.
indeterminate l. a transitory form of l. in which the immunologic status is not yet formed, and the histologic and clinical features are not yet characteristic of any of the major types of l.
lazarine l. Lucio's l [Lazarus, Biblical character]
lepromatous l. a form of l. in which nodular cutaneous lesions are infiltrated, have ill-defined borders, and are bacteriologically positive; the lepromin test is negative, i.e., the immunologic mechanism of the patient is not responsive to the Mycobacterium leprae infection.
Lucio's l. an acute form occurring in pure diffuse lepromatous l. presenting irregularly shaped, intensely erythematous, tender plaques, especially of the legs, with tendency to ulceration and scarring.lazarine l., Lucio's leprosy phenomenon;
macular l. a form of tuberculoid l. in which the lesions are small, hairless, and dry, and are erythematous in light skin and hypopigmented or copper-colored in dark skin.
Malabar l. elephantiasis
mouse l. , murine l. rat l
mutilating l. articular l
nodular l. tuberculoid l
rat l. a slowly but progressively fatal form of l. occurring in rats, caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium; it appears in two forms, glandular and musculocutaneous; causes induration, alopecia, and eventually ulceration.mouse l., murine l;
smooth l. tuberculoid l
trophoneurotic l. anesthetic l
tuberculoid l. a benign, stable, and resistant form of the disease in which the lepromin reaction is strongly positive and in which the lesions are erythematous, insensitive, infiltrated plaques with clear-cut edges.nodular l., smooth l;

leprotic leprotic (lep-rot´ik)

leprous

leprous leprous (lep´rus)

Relating to or suffering from leprosy.leprose, leprotic;

-lepsis -lepsis , -lepsy

A seizure. [G. lepsis]

leptandra leptandra (lep-tan´dra)

Dried rhizome and roots of Veronicastrum virginicum (family Serophulariaceae). Indigenous to North America. Formerly used as a cathartic.black root, Culver's root;

lepto- lepto-

Light, thin, frail. [G. leptos, slender, delicate, weak]

leptocephalous leptocephalous (lep-to-sef´a-lus)

Having an abnormally tall, narrow cranium. [lepto- + G. kephale, head]

leptocephaly leptocephaly (lep-to-sef´a-le)

A malformation characterized by an abnormally tall, narrow cranium. [lepto- + G. kephale, head]

leptochroa leptochroa (lep-to-kro´a)

Abnormally delicate skin. [lepto- + G. chroa, skin]

leptochromatic leptochromatic (lep´to-kro-mat´ik)

Having a very fine chromatin network.

leptocyte leptocyte (lep´to-sIt)

A target or Mexican hat cell, i.e., an unusually thin or flattened red blood cell in which there is a central rounded area of pigmented material, a middle clear zone that contains no pigment, and an outer pigmented rim at the edge of the cell. L.'s are thought to be erythrocytes in which the cellular envelope or membrane is unusually large in proportion to its contents. [lepto- + G. kytos, cell]

leptocytosis leptocytosis (lep´to-sI-to´sis)

The presence of leptocytes in the circulating blood, as in thalassemia, some instances of jaundice (even in the absence of anemia), occasional examples of hepatic disease (in the absence of jaundice), and some patients who have had the spleen removed.

leptodactylous leptodactylous (lep-to-dak´ti-lus)

Having slender fingers. [lepto- + G. daktylos, finger]

leptodermic leptodermic (lep-to-der´mik)

Thin-skinned. [lepto- + G. derma, skin]

leptomeningeal leptomeningeal (lep´to-me-nin´je-al)

Pertaining to the leptomeninges.

leptomeninges leptomeninges , leptomeninx, gen. leptomeninx (lep-to-me-nin´jez, lep´to-me´ninks, lep´to-me´ninks)

The two delicate layers of the meninges, the arachnoid mater and pia mater (vs. the tough pachymeninx or dura mater), considered together; by this concept, the arachnoid and pia are two parts of a single layer, much like the parietal and visceral layers of a serous membrane or bursa; although separated by the subarachnoid space they are connected via the arachnoid trabeculae and become continuous where the nerves and filum terminale exit the subarachnoid space (the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space bounded by the leptomeninges). See also arachnoid, pia mater.meninx tenuis, pia-arachnoid, piarachnoid; [lepto- + G. meninx, pl. meninges, membrane]

leptomeningitis leptomeningitis (lep´to-men-in-jI´tis)

Inflammation of leptomeninges. See also arachnoiditis.pia-arachnitis;
basilar l. inflammation of the arachnoid at the base of the brain; often found in chronic meningitis of tuberculous, luetic, or mycotic origin.

leptomere leptomere (lep´to-mer)

A very minute particle of living matter; Asclepiades believed the body was composed of an aggregation of vast numbers of l.'s. [lepto- + G. meros, part]

leptomonad leptomonad (lep´to-mo´nad, lep-tom´o-nad)

1. Common name for a member of the genus Leptomonas. 2. See promastigote.

Leptomonas Leptomonas (lep´to-mo´nas, lep-tom´o-nus)

A genus of asexual, monogenetic, parasitic flagellates (family Trypanosomatidae) commonly found in the hindgut of insects. [lepto- + G. monas, unit]

leptonema leptonema (lep-to-ne´ma)

leptotene [lepto- + G. nema, thread]

leptophonia leptophonia (lep´to-fo´ne-a)

hypophonia [lepto- + G. phone, sound, voice]

leptophonic leptophonic (lep´to-fon´ik)

Weak-voiced.

leptopodia leptopodia (lep-to-po´de-a)

The condition of having slender feet. [lepto- + G. pous, foot]

leptoprosopia leptoprosopia (lep´to-pro-so´pe-a)

Narrowness of the face. [lepto- + G. prosopon, face]

leptoprosopic leptoprosopic (lep´to-pro-so´pik)

Having a thin, narrow face. Cf. leptosomatic.

leptorrhine leptorrhine (lep´to-rIn)

Having a thin nose. Applied to a skull with a nasal index below 47 (Frankfort agreement) or 48 (Broca). [lepto- + G. rhis, nose]

leptoscope leptoscope (lep´to-skop)

An apparatus for measuring cell membranes.

leptosomatic leptosomatic , leptosomic (lep´to-so-mat´ik, -to-so´mik)

Having a slender, light, or thin body. [lepto- + G. soma, body]

Leptospira Leptospira (lep´to-spI´ra)

A genus of aerobic bacteria (order Spirochaetales) containing thin, tightly coiled organisms 6 to 20 mum in length. They possess an axial filament, and one or both ends may be bent into a semicircular hook. They stain with difficulty except with Giemsa's stain or silver impregnation. Associated with icterohemorrhagic fever. The type species is L. interrogans. [lepto- + G. speira, a coil]
L. inter´rogans a species containing more than 170 named parasitic or pathogenic serovars, including L. interrogans serovar-canicola, -grippotyphosa, -pomona, -icterohaemorrhagiae, -autumnalis (implicated in Fort Bragg fever), -ballum,, and -australis. Causative agent of leptospirosis. It is the type species of the genus L.

leptospire leptospire (lep´to-spIr)

Common name for any organism belonging to the genus Leptospira.

leptospirosis leptospirosis (lep´to-spI-ro´sis)

Infection with Leptospira interrogans.
anicteric l. infection with one of the species of the Leptospira group, usually mild, with limited liver and kidney involvement, as opposed to Weil's disease.
l. icterohemorrhagica (ik´ter-o-hem-or-aj´I-ka) icterohemorrhagic fever

leptospiruria leptospiruria (lep´to-spI-ru´re-a)

Presence of species of the genus Leptospira in the urine, as a result of leptospirosis in the renal tubules.

leptotene leptotene (lep´to-ten)

Early stage of prophase in meiosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible as long filaments well separated from each other.leptonema; [lepto- + G. tainia, band, tape]

leptothricosis leptothricosis (lep´to-thri-ko´sis)

Obsolete term for any disease caused by the now invalid genus Leptothrix.

Leptothrix Leptothrix (lep´to-thriks)

Invalid name for a genus of organisms that would probably now be classified as actinomycetes, nocardiae, or corynebacteria.

Leptotrichia Leptotrichia (lep-to-trik´e-a)

A genus of anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria containing Gram-negative, straight or slightly curved rods, 5 to 15 mum in length, with one or both ends rounded, often pointed. Granules are distributed evenly along the long axis, and one or more large granules may localize near the end of the cell. Branched or clubbed forms do not occur. Two or more cells join together and form septate filaments of varying length; in older cultures, filaments up to 200 mum may form and twist around each other; large, coccoid bodies may be found within a filament as a cell lyses. Carbon dioxide is essential for optimal growth. Lactic acid is produced from glucose. These organisms occur in the oral cavity of humans. The type species is L. buccalis. [lepto- + G. thrix, hair]
L. bucca´lis a species found in the human mouth; it is the type species of the genus L.

Leptotrombidium Leptotrombidium (lep´to-trom-bid´e-um)

An important genus of trombiculid mites, formerly considered a subgenus of the genus Trombicula, which includes all of the vectors of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease). Members of L. that serve as vectors of scrub typhus are within the L. deliense group: L. akamushi is the classical vector in Japan; L. deliense is the primary vector, extending from New Guinea, Australia, the Philippines, China, and Southeast Asia to western Pakistan; L. fletcheri is found in Malaysia, New Guinea, and the Philippines. Some eight other species have also been implicated in scrub typhus transmission in more limited areas.
L. akamu´shi one of two species, the other being L. deliensis (T. deliensis), implicated in the transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, agent of tsutsugamushi disease in Japan and elsewhere in the Orient; the larvae of these species are characteristic parasites of rodents, which therefore are reservoirs of human infections, although the mites themselves are also reservoirs, as their rickettsial parasites are transovarially transmitted from generation to generation (a requirement for transmission to humans as only larval mites feed parasitically and then only once in their lifetimes).Trombicula akamushi;

lergotrile lergotrile (ler´go-trIl)

A derivative of ergot which exerts agonistic properties on dopamine receptors; similar to bromocriptine and lisuride.

Leri Leri

André, French orthopedic surgeon, 1875-1930. See L.'s pleonosteosis, sign; L.-Weill disease, syndrome.

Leriche Leriche

René, French surgeon, 1879-1955. See L.'s operation, syndrome.

Lermoyez Lermoyez

Marcel, French otolaryngologist, 1858-1929. See L.'s syndrome.

Lerner Lerner

I.M., U.S. population geneticist, 1910-1967. See L. homeostasis.

Leroy Leroy

Edgar August, French physician, *1883. See Fiessinger-L.-Reiter syndrome.

LES LES

Acronym for lower esophageal sphincter; Lambert-Eaton syndrome.

lesbian lesbian (lez´be-an)

1. A female homosexual or a female homosexual lifestyle. 2. One who practices lesbianism. See gay.

lesbianism lesbianism (lez´be-an-izm)

Homosexuality between women.sapphism; [G. lesbios, relating to the island of Lesbos]

Lesch Lesch

Michael, U.S. pediatrician, *1939. See L.-Nyhan syndrome.

Leser Leser

Edmund, German surgeon, 1828-1916. See L.-Trélat sign.

lesion lesion (le´zhun)

1. A wound or injury. 2. A pathologic change in the tissues. 3. One of the individual points or patches of a multifocal disease. [L. laedo, pp. laesus, to injure]
Baehr-Lohlein l. Lohlein-Baehr l
benign lymphoepithelial l. benign tumor-like masses of lymphoid tissue in the parotid gland, containing scattered small, mainly solid islands of epithelial cells.Godwin tumor;
Bracht-Wachter l. a focal collection of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells within the myocardium in bacterial endocarditis.
caviar l. a dilated vein or varicule existing in the venous collecting system under the tongue.
coin l. of lungs nodular opacity
Councilman's l. Councilman body
Dreulofoy's l. an abnormally large submucosal artery located in the proximal stomach that may be the site of acute and recurrent episodes of massive hemorrhage.
Duret's l. small hemorrhage(s) in the floor of the fourth ventricle or beneath the aqueduct of Sylvius.
Ghon's primary l. Ghon's tubercle
gross l. a l. plainly visible to the naked eye.
Hill-Sachs l. an irregularity seen in the head of the humerus following dislocation of the shoulder; caused by impaction of the head of the humerus against the edge of the glenoid.
Janeway l. one of the stigmata of infectious endocarditis: irregular, erythematous, flat, painless macules on the palms, soles, thenar and hypothenar eminences of the hands, tips of the fingers, and plantar surfaces of the toes; rarely a diffuse rash. In acute endocarditis the lesions may be hemorrhagic or purple.
Lennert's l. Lennert's lymphoma
Lohlein-Baehr l. focal embolic glomerulonephritis occurring in bacterial endocarditis.Baehr-Lohlein l;
lower motor neuron l. injury to motor cells in the brainstem or spinal cord, or of the axons derived from them.
Mallory-Weiss l. laceration of the gastric cardia, as seen in the Mallory-Weiss syndrome.Mallory-Weiss tear;
precancerous l. a noninvasive l. with a predictable likelihood of becoming malignant; e.g., actinic keratosis.
radial sclerosing l. a variant of sclerosing adenosis of the breast with central scar formation and radiating hyperplastic ducts.radial scar;
ring-wall l. a small ring hemorrhage in the brain that stimulates proliferation of a glial ring.
supranuclear l. injury to cerebral descending (corticonuclear) fibers above the brainstem or spinal motor nerve nucleus.upper motor neuron l;
upper motor neuron l. supranuclear l
wire-loop l. thickening of the basement membrane, with fibrinoid staining, of scattered peripheral capillaries in renal glomeruli; characteristic of renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus; the appearance of an affected capillary wall resembles a loop used in microbiology.

Lesser Lesser

Ladislaus Leo, German surgeon born in Poland, 1846-1925.

Lesser's triangle Lesser's triangle

See under triangle.

Lesshaft Lesshaft

Pjotr F., Russian physician, 1836-1909. See L.'s triangle.

LET LET

Abbreviation for linear energy transfer.

lethal lethal (le´thal)

Pertaining to or causing death; denoting especially the causal agent. [L. letalis, fr. letum, death]
clinical l. a disorder that culminates in premature death.
l. equivalent expression used of the genetic load of recessive genes in heterozygous state that if in homozygous state would cause death or carry a risk of death. The expected number of deaths from all such genes is expressed in l. equivalent.
genetic l. a disorder that prevents effective reproduction by those affected; e.g., Klinefelter syndrome.

lethality lethality (le-thal´i-te)

The quality or state of being lethal.

lethargy lethargy (leth´ar-je)

A state of deep and prolonged unconsciousness, resembling profound slumber, from which one can be aroused but into which one immediately relapses. [G. lethargis, drowsiness]

LETS LETS

Acronym for large, external transformation-sensitive fibronectin. See fibronectins.

Letterer Letterer

Erich, German pathologist, *1895. See L.-Siwe disease.

Leu Leu

Symbol for leucine radical.

leuc- leuc- , leuco-

White; white blood cell. See leuko-, leuk-. [G. leukos, white]

leucin leucin (lu´sin)

leukin

leucine (Leu, L) leucine (Leu, L) (lu´sen)

(CH₃)₂CHCH₂CH(N₃⁺)COO^-; 2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid;the l-isomer is one of the amino acids of proteins; a nutritionally essential amino acid.
l. aminopeptidase aminopeptidase (cytosol).
l. dehydrogenase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of l-l., water, and NAD⁺ to produce NADH, ammonia, and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate; used in the treatment of certain tumors.
l. zipper a structural motif found in a number of proteins (e.g., some of the DNA-binding regulatory proteins) in which leucyl residues align along one edge of the helix and can interdigitate with a similar structure on another protein molecule. [Zipper, orig. a trademark for a fastening device with two rows of interlocking teeth]

leucinosis leucinosis (lu´si-no´sis)

A condition in which there is an abnormally large proportion of leucine in the tissues and body fluids.

leucinuria leucinuria (lu-si-nu´re-a)

The excretion of leucine in the urine.

Leucocytozoon Leucocytozoon (lu´ko-sI-to-zo´on)

A genus of sporozoan parasites (family Plasmodiidae, suborder Haemosporina) that attack the immature red blood cells of birds and are capable of causing acute outbreaks of disease, particularly in turkeys and ducks; vectors are black flies, Simulium species, and the bloodsucking gnat Culicoides.Leukocytozoon; [G. leukos, white, + kytos, cell, + zoon, animal]
L. marchou´xi a species of unknown pathogenicity, but fairly common in wild doves and pigeons.
L. sabraze´si a species that is a cause of leucocytozoonosis of chickens, particularly in Indochina, Malaysia, India, Sumatra, and Java.
L. simon´di a species that causes disease in domestic and wild ducks, geese, and related waterfowl in the northern U.S. and Canada; it is severely pathogenic, especially in young birds.
L. smith´i a species that causes disease in domestic turkeys.

leucocytozoonosis leucocytozoonosis (lu´ko-sI´to-zo-o-no´sis)

Infection of ducks, turkeys, chickens, pigeons, and doves with species of the protozoan genus Leucocytozoon. The disease is most acute and damaging in young turkeys and ducks, and is characterized by enlargement of the spleen and liver, anemia, listlessness, weakness, and frequently death.leukocytozoonosis;

leucoharmine leucoharmine (lu-ko-har´men)

harmine

leucoline leucoline (lu´ko-len)

quinoline (1)

leucomethylene blue leucomethylene blue (lu´ko-meth´i-len)

The reduced and colorless form of methylene blue.methylene white;

Leuconostoc Leuconostoc (lu-ko-nos´tok)

A genus of microaerophilic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Lactobacillaceae) containing Gram-positive, spherical cells which may, under certain conditions, lengthen and become pointed and even form rods. Lactic and acetic acids are produced by these organisms. They are found in plant juices and in milk. The type species is L. mesenteroides. [G. leukos, white, + nostoc, a genus of algae (a word coined by Paracelsus)]
L. mesenteroi´des a species found in fermenting vegetables and other plant materials and in prepared meat products; it is an active slime (dextran) producer, the dextran commonly used as a plasma expander; it is the type species of the genus L.

leuco patent blue leuco patent blue (lu´ko pat´ent) [C.I. 42051]

A sulfonated triphenylmethane dye reduced and decolorized with zinc and acetic acid to produce a stable solution; used to demonstrate hemoglobin peroxidase.patent blue V;

leucovorin leucovorin (lu´ko-vor-in)

folinic acid
l. calcium the calcium salt of leucovorin (folinic acid); used to counteract toxic effects of folic acid antagonists, for the treatment of megaloblastic anemias, and as an adjunct to cyanocobalamin in pernicious anemia.calcium folinate;

Leudet Leudet

Théodor E., French physician, 1825-1887. See L.'s tinnitus.

leuenkephalin leuenkephalin (lu-en-kef´a-lin)

See enkephalins.

leuk- leuk-

See leuko-.

leukanemia leukanemia (lu-ka-ne´me-a)

Former term for erythroleukemia. [leukemia + anemia]

leukapheresis leukapheresis (lu´ka-fe-re´sis)

A procedure, analogous to plasmapheresis, in which leukocytes are removed from the withdrawn blood and the remainder of the blood is retransfused into the donor. [leuko- + G. aphairesis, a withdrawal]

leukasmus leukasmus (lu-kaz´mus)

vitiligo [G. leukasmos, a growing white]

leukemia leukemia (lu-ke´me-a)

Progressive proliferation of abnormal leukocytes found in hemopoietic tissues, other organs, and usually in the blood in increased numbers. L. is classified by the dominant cell type, and by duration from onset to death. This occurs in acute l. within a few months in most cases, and is associated with acute symptoms including severe anemia, hemorrhages, and slight enlargement of lymph nodes or the spleen. The duration of chronic l. exceeds one year, with a gradual onset of symptoms of anemia or marked enlargement of spleen, liver, or lymph nodes.leukocytic sarcoma; [leuko- + G. haima, blood]
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) See lymphocytic l.
acute promyelocytic l. l. presenting as a severe bleeding disorder, with infiltration of the bone marrow by abnormal promyelocytes and myelocytes, a low plasma fibrinogen, and defective coagulation.
adult T-cell l. (ATL) adult T-cell lymphoma
aleukemic l. l. in which abnormal (or leukemic) cells are absent in the peripheral blood.
basophilic l. , basophilocytic l. a form of granulocytic l. in which there are unusually great numbers of basophilic granulocytes in the tissues and circulating blood; in some instances, the immature and mature basophilic forms may represent from 40 to 80% of the total numbers of white blood cells.mast cell l;
bovine l. enzootic bovine leukosis
l. cu´tis yellow-brown, red, blue-red, or purple, sometimes nodular lesions associated with diffuse infiltration of leukemic cells in the skin; the involvement may be diffuse and generalized, i.e., so-called universal l. cutis, or it may be localized.
embryonal l. stem cell l
eosinophilic l. , eosinophilocytic l. a form of granulocytic l. in which there are conspicuous numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes in the tissues and circulating blood, or in which such cells are predominant; in chronic disease of this type, the total white blood cell count may be as high as 200,000 to 250,000 per cu mm, with as many as 80 or 90% being eosinophils, chiefly adult forms.
feline l. a leukemic disorder of cats caused by feline l. virus, a member of the family Retroviridae, and characterized by depression and mild fever, and by the presence of tumors in the mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, followed by multiple tumor formation throughout the body; during the terminal stages of the disease lymphoblasts may appear in the peripheral blood.
l. of fowls avian leukosis
granulocytic l. a form of l. characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of myelopoietic cells in the bone marrow and in extramedullary sites, and the presence of large numbers of immature and mature granulocytic forms in various tissues (and organs) and in the circulating blood; the total count may range from 1000 (aleukemic variety) to several hundred thousand per cu mm. The predominant cell is usually of the neutrophilic series, but, in a few instances, eosinophilic or basophilic granulocytes, or even megakaryocytes, may represent the chief form; early in granulocytic l., the circulating blood may contain excessive numbers of all of the granulocytic forms.leukemic myelosis (1), myelocytic l., myelogenic l., myelogenous l., myeloid l;
hairy cell l. a rare, usually chronic disorder characterized by proliferation of hairy cells in reticuloendothelial organs and blood.
leukemic l. a redundant term sometimes used to emphasize the occurrence of abundant numbers of leukemic cells in the circulating blood; this classic form of l. is usually termed simply leukemia.
leukopenic l. a form of lymphocytic, granulocytic, or monocytic l. in which the total number of white blood cells in the circulating blood is in the normal range, or may be diminished to various levels that are significantly less than normal.
lymphatic l. lymphocytic l
lymphoblastic l. acute lymphocytic l. in which the abnormal cells are chiefly (or almost totally) blast forms of the lymphocytic series, or in which unusually large numbers of the immature forms occur in association with adult lymphocytes.
lymphocytic l. a variety of l. characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation and conspicuous enlargement of lymphoid tissue in various sites (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lungs), and the occurrence of increased numbers of cells of the lymphocytic series in the circulating blood and in various tissues and organs; in chronic disease, the cells are adult lymphocytes, whereas conspicuous numbers of lymphoblasts are observed in the more acute syndromes.lymphatic l., lymphoid l;
lymphoid l. lymphocytic l
mast cell l. basophilic l
mature cell l. chronic granulocytic l.
megakaryocytic l. an unusual form of myelopoietic disease that is characterized by a seemingly uncontrolled proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and sometimes by the presence of a considerable number of megakaryocytes in the circulating blood. When bone marrow is examined at various intervals in some instances of chronic myelocytic l., the proliferation of megakaryocytes is more prominent than that of the granulocytes; at such times, the circulating blood may contain megakaryocytes or fragments of megakaryocytic nuclei and cytoplasm, or both, amounting to as much as 5 or 6% of the total number of leukocytes.
meningeal l. infiltration of the meninges by leukemic cells, a common occurrence in relapse following systemic administration of chemotherapeutic agents to leukemia patients.
micromyeloblastic l. a form of myelocytic l. in which relatively large proportions of micromyeloblasts are found in the circulating blood and in bone marrow and other tissues.
mixed l. , mixed cell l. term infrequently used as a designation for granulocytic l., thereby emphasizing the occurrence of different types of cells in the myeloid series (i.e., neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic granulocytes), in contrast to the comparatively monotonous pattern observed in lymphocytic and monocytic l.
monocytic l. a form of l. characterized by large numbers of cells that can be definitely identified as monocytes, in addition to larger, apparently related cells formed from the uncontrolled proliferation of the reticuloendothelial tissue; l. in which these two types of cells seem to "overrun" the usual sites of the reticuloendothelial system, and occur in conspicuous numbers in the circulating blood, is frequently referred to as the Schilling type of monocytic l., or sometimes as true monocytic l. The disease runs an acute or subacute course in older persons, and is characterized by swelling of gums, oral ulceration, bleeding in skin or mucous membranes, secondary infection, and splenomegaly.leukemic reticulosis;
murine l. a leukemic disorder of mice caused by a number of different type C retroviruses.
myeloblastic l. a form of granulocytic l. in which there are large numbers of myeloblasts in various tissues (and organs) and in the circulating blood; the immature forms may amount to 30 to 60% (or even a greater proportion) of the increased total number of white blood cells. Used synonymously for acute granulocytic l.leukemic myelosis (2);
myelocytic l. , myelogenic l. , myelogenous l. , myeloid l. granulocytic l
myelomonocytic l. a variant of granulocytic l. with monocytosis in the peripheral blood.Naegeli type of monocytic l;
Naegeli type of monocytic l. myelomonocytic l
neutrophilic l. an unusual form of chronic granulocytic l. in which the greatly increased number of leukocytes in the circulating blood are mature polymorphonuclear neutrophils, with virtually no young or immature granulocytes being observed.
plasma cell l. an unusual disease characterized by leukocytosis and other signs and symptoms that are suggestive of l., in association with diffuse infiltrations and aggregates of plasma cells in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, and the presence of considerable numbers of plasma cells in the circulating blood; the total number of leukocytes in the latter may range from normal levels to 80,000 or 90,000 per cu mm, and 5 to 90% may be plasma cells; multiple myelomas are observed in some examples of plasma cell l., but discrete nodules are not formed in bone. Although there are other clinicopathologic differences in the two conditions, they may be phases of the same basic process.
polymorphocytic l. granulocytic l., especially any variety in which the predominant cells are mature, segmented granulocytes.
Rieder cell l. a special form of acute granulocytic l. in which the affected tissues and the circulating blood contain relatively large numbers of atypical myeloblasts (i.e., Rieder cells) that have the usual, faintly granular, immature type of cytoplasm, and a bizarre, comparatively mature nucleus with several wide and deep indentations (suggestive of lobulation).
Schilling type of monocytic l. See monocytic l.
splenic l. a form of l. in which there is an unusually great degree of enlargement of the spleen, as observed frequently in chronic granulocytic l.
stem cell l. a form of l. in which the abnormal cells are thought to be the precursors of lymphoblasts, myeloblasts, or monoblasts.embryonal l;
subleukemic l. a form of l. in which abnormal cells are present in the peripheral blood, but the total leukocyte count is not elevated.hypoleukemia, leukopenic myelosis, subleukemic myelosis, subleukemia;

leukemic leukemic (lu-ke´mik)

Pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, any form of leukemia.

leukemid leukemid (lu-kem´id)

Any nonspecific type of cutaneous lesion that is frequently associated with leukemia (as a feature of the syndrome), but is not a localized accumulation of leukemic cells; e.g., petechiae, vesicles, wheals, bullae, hematomas, and the lesions of exfoliative dermatitis and herpes zoster. [leuko- + G. haima, blood, + id (1)]

leukemogen leukemogen (lu-ke´mo-jen)

Any substance or entity (e.g., benzene, ionizing radiation) considered to be a causal factor in the occurrence of leukemia.

leukemogenesis leukemogenesis (lu-ke-mo-jen´e-sis)

The causation (or induction), development, and progression of a leukemic disease. [leukemia + G. genesis, production]

leukemogenic leukemogenic (lu-ke-mo-jen´ik)

Pertaining to the causation, induction, and development of leukemia; manifesting the ability to cause leukemia.

leukemoid leukemoid (lu-ke´moyd)

Resembling leukemia in various signs and symptoms, especially with reference to changes in the circulating blood. See also leukemoid reaction. [leukemia + G. eidos, resemblance]

leukemoid reaction leukemoid reaction

A moderate, advanced, or sometimes extreme degree of leukocytosis in the circulating blood, similar to that occurring in various forms of leukemia, but not the result of leukemic disease; usually, there is a disproportionate increase in the number of forms (including immature stages) in one series of leukocytes, and various examples of myelocytic, lymphocytic, monocytic, or plasmocytic l.r. may be also indistinguishable from leukocytosis that is associated with certain forms of leukemia. l.r.'s are sometimes observed as a feature of: 1) infectious disease caused by certain bacteria and other biologic agents, e.g., tuberculosis, diphtheria, chickenpox, and others; 2) intoxication of various types, e.g., eclampsia, serious burns, mustard gas poisoning, and others; 3) malignant neoplasms, e.g., carcinoma of the colon, of the lung, of the kidney, or of other organs; 4) acute hemorrhage or hemolysis.
lymphocytic l.r. leukocytosis of varying degree, with adult lymphocytes and immature forms amounting to 40% (or more) of the total number of white blood cells in the circulating blood; may be observed in association with pertussis, infectious mononucleosis, gonorrhea, chickenpox, and sarcoidosis.
monocytic l.r. leukocytosis of varying degree, e.g., 30,000 to 40,000 per cu mm, with adult monocytes and immature forms amounting to 30% (or more) of the total number of white blood cells in the circulating blood; may be observed in association with tuberculosis, especially the first infection, miliary type.
myelocytic l.r. leukocytosis of at least moderate degree, e.g., 50,000 or more per cu mm, with a few immature forms, e.g., 1 or 2% myelocytes, but chiefly mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the circulating blood; may be observed in association with tuberculosis, chronic osteomyelitis, various types of empyema, malaria, pneumococcal pneumonia, meningococcal meningitis, Hodgkin's disease, and metastases of carcinoma in the bone marrow.
plasmocytic l.r. the presence of unusual numbers of plasma cells, i.e., plasmocytosis, in the bone marrow; may be observed in association with sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, Hodgkin's disease, and certain of the so-called collagen diseases.

leukin leukin (lu´kin)

A thermostable bactericidal substance extracted from leukocytes.leucin; [leukocyte + -in]

leuko- leuko- , leuk-

White; white blood cells. For some words beginning thus, see leuc- and leuco-. [G. leukos, white]

leukoagglutinin leukoagglutinin (lu´ko-a-glu´ti-nin)

An antibody that agglutinates white blood cells.

leukobilin leukobilin (lu-ko-bil´in)

white bile [leuko- + L. bilis, bile]

leukoblast leukoblast (lu´ko-blast)

An immature white blood cell that is transitional between the lymphoidocyte (or the myeloblast of Naegeli and Downey) and the promyelocyte; the cytoplasm is polychromatophilic or slightly acidophilic and, as compared with the lymphoidocyte, the nuclear network of chromatin is thicker and the nucleoli less distinct.proleukocyte; [leuko- + G. blastos, germ]
granular l. obsolete term for promyelocyte.

leukoblastosis leukoblastosis (lu´ko-blas-to´sis)

A general term for the abnormal proliferation of leukocytes, especially that occurring in myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia.

leukochloroma leukochloroma (lu´ko-klo-ro´ma)

myelocytomatosis (1) [leuko- + G. chloros, green, + -oma, tumor]

leukocidin leukocidin (lu-kos´i-din, lu-ko-sI´din)

A heat-labile substance that is elaborated by many strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and pneumococci and manifests a destructive action on leukocytes, with or without lysis of the cells. [leukocyte + L. caedo, to kill]

leukocoria leukocoria , leukokoria (lu-ko-ko´re-a, lu-ko-ko´re-a)

Reflection from a white mass within the eye giving the appearance of a white pupil.leukokoria, white pupillary reflex; [leuko- white, + G. kore, pupil]

leukocytactic leukocytactic (lu´ko-sI-tak´tik)

leukocytotactic

leukocytal leukocytal (lu-ko-sI´tal)

leukocytic

leukocytaxia leukocytaxia , leukocytaxis (lu´ko-sI-tak´se-a, -tak´sis)

leukocytotaxia

leukocyte leukocyte (lu´ko-sIt)

A type of cell formed in the myelopoietic, lymphoid, and reticular portions of the reticuloendothelial system in various parts of the body, and normally present in those sites and in the circulating blood (rarely in other tissues). Under various abnormal conditions, the total numbers or proportions, or both, may be characteristically increased, decreased, or not altered, and they may be present in other tissues and organs. L.'s represent three lines of development from primitive elements: myeloid, lymphoid, and monocytic series. On the basis of features observed with various methods of staining with polychromatic dyes (e.g., Wright's stain, and others), cells of the myeloid series are frequently termed granular l.'s, or granulocytes; cells of the lymphoid and monocytic series also have granules in the cytoplasm but, owing to their tiny, inconspicuous size and different properties (frequently not clearly visualized with routine methods), lymphocytes and monocytes are sometimes termed nongranular or agranular l.'s. Granulocytes are commonly known as polymorphonuclear l.'s (also polynuclear or multinuclear l.'s), inasmuch as the mature nucleus is divided into two to five rounded or ovoid lobes that are connected with thin strands or small bands of chromatin; they consist of three distinct types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, named on the basis of the staining reactions of the cytoplasmic granules. Cells of the lymphocytic series occur as two, somewhat arbitrary, normal varieties: small and large lymphocytes; the former represent the ordinary forms and are conspicuously more numerous in the circulating blood and normal lymphoid tissue; the latter may be found in normal circulating blood, but are more easily observed in lymphoid tissue. The small lymphocytes have nuclei that are deeply or densely stained (the chromatin is coarse and bulky) and almost fill the cells, with only a slight rim of cytoplasm around the nuclei; the large lymphocytes have nuclei that are approximately the same size as, or only slightly larger than, those of the small forms, but there is a broader, easily visualized band of cytoplasm around the nuclei. Cells of the monocytic series are usually larger than the other l.'s, and are characterized by a relatively abundant, slightly opaque, pale blue or blue-gray cytoplasm that contains myriads of extremely fine reddish-blue granules. Monocytes are usually indented, reniform, or shaped similarly to a horseshoe, but are sometimes rounded or ovoid; their nuclei are usually large and centrally placed and, even when eccentrically located, are completely surrounded by at least a small band of cytoplasm.white blood cell; [leuko- + G. kytos, cell]
acidophilic l. eosinophilic l
agranular l. nongranular l
basophilic l. a polymorphonuclear l. characterized by many large, coarse, metachromatic granules (dark purple or blue-black when treated with Wright's or similar stains) that usually fill the cytoplasm and may almost mask the nucleus; these l.'s are unique in that they usually do not occur in increased numbers as the result of acute infectious disease, and their phagocytic qualities are probably not significant; the granules, which contain heparin and histamine, may degranulate in response to hypersensitivity reactions and can be of significance in general inflammation.basocyte, basophilocyte, mast l;
cystinotic l. a l. having an enhanced content of cystine, found in patients with disorders characterized by the storage of cystine; within the l., the cystine, largely in noncrystalline form, is associated with dense lysosomal particles.
endothelial l. old term for a monocyte, a type of l. thought to be derived from reticuloendothelial tissue.
eosinophilic l. a polymorphonuclear l. characterized by many large or prominent, refractile, cytoplasmic granules that are fairly uniform in size and bright yellow-red or orange when treated with Wright's or similar stains; the nuclei are usually larger than those of neutrophils, do not stain as deeply, and characteristically have two lobes (a third lobe is sometimes interposed on the connecting strand of chromatin); these l.'s are motile phagocytes with distinctive antiparasitic functions.acidophilic l., eosinocyte, eosinophil, eosinophile, oxyphil (2), oxyphile, oxyphilic l;
filament polymorphonuclear l. any mature polymorphonuclear l., especially a neutrophilic l., in which the lobes of the nucleus are interconnected with a thin strand or filament of chromatin.
globular l. a type of wandering cell with a small, round nucleus found in the epithelium and lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa of many animals; its cytoplasm contains large eosinophilic globules or droplets.
granular l. any one of the polymorphonuclear l.'s, especially a neutrophilic l. See also granulocyte, basophilic l., eosinophilic l.
hyaline l. old term for a monocyte, and for a mononuclear macrophage in various lesions.
mast l. basophilic l
motile l. any l. that manifests active ameboid movement, especially a mature granulocytic l. (eosinophils are less motile than neutrophils or basophils); monocytes manifest a slow, but persistent, wavelike movement.
multinuclear l. polymorphonuclear l
neutrophilic l. a neutrophilic granulocyte, the most frequent of the polymorphonuclear l.'s, and also the most active phagocyte among the various types of white blood cells; when treated with Wright's stain (or similar preparations), the fairly abundant cytoplasm is faintly pink, and numerous tiny, slightly refractile, relatively bright pink or violet-pink, diffusely scattered granules are recognizable in the cytoplasm; the deeply stained blue or purple-blue nucleus is sharply distinguished from the cytoplasm and is distinctly lobated, with thin strands of chromatin connecting the three to five lobes.
nonfilament polymorphonuclear l. a neutrophil, basophil, or eosinophil that is not completely matured, i.e., the lobes of the nuclei remain connected with bands of chromatin, in contrast to the thin strands observed in mature cells.
nongranular l. a general, nonspecific term frequently used with reference to lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells; although the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte or monocyte contains tiny granules, it is "nongranular" in comparison with that of a neutrophil, basophil, or eosinophil. See also leukocyte.agranular l;
nonmotile l. a term sometimes used with reference to lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells; although such forms actually have some degree of motility, they are "nonmotile" in comparison with the actively ameboid, neutrophilic, basophilic, and eosinophilic l.'s.
oxyphilic l. eosinophilic l
polymorphonuclear l. , polynuclear l. common term for granulocyte or granulocytic l.; the term includes basophilic, eosinophilic, and neutrophilic l.'s, but is usually used especially with reference to the neutrophilic l.'s.multinuclear l;
segmented l. any mature polymorphonuclear l., especially a neutrophilic l.
transitional l. old term for a monocyte.
Türk's l. Türk cell

leukocythemia leukocythemia (lu´ko-sI-the´me-a)

A seldom used term for leukemia. [leukocyte + G. haima, blood]

leukocytic leukocytic (lu-ko-sit´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by leukocytes.leukocytal;

leukocytoblast leukocytoblast (lu-ko-sI´to-blast)

A nonspecific term for any immature cell from which a leukocyte develops, including lymphoblast, myeloblast, and the like. [leukocyte + G. blastos, germ]

leukocytoclasis leukocytoclasis (lu´ko-sI-tok´la-sis)

Karyorrhexis of leukocytes. [leuko- + G. kytos, cell, + klasia, a breaking]

leukocytogenesis leukocytogenesis (lu´ko-sI-to-jen´e-sis)

The formation and development of leukocytes. [leukocyte + G. genesis, production]

leukocytoid leukocytoid (lu´ko-sI-toyd)

Resembling a leukocyte. [leukocyte + G. eidos, resemblance]

leukocytolysin leukocytolysin (lu´ko-sI-tol´i-sin)

Any substance (including lytic antibody) that causes dissolution of leukocytes.leukolysin;

leukocytolysis leukocytolysis (lu´ko-sI-tol´i-sis)

Dissolution or lysis of leukocytes.leukolysis; [leukocyte + G. lysis, dissolution]

leukocytolytic leukocytolytic (lu´ko-sI-to-lit´ik)

Pertaining to, causing, or manifesting leukocytolysis.leukolytic;

leukocytoma leukocytoma (lu´ko-sI-to´ma)

A fairly well circumscribed, nodular, dense accumulation of leukocytes. [leukocyte + G. -oma, tumor]

leukocytometer leukocytometer (lu´ko-sI-tom´e-ter)

A standarized glass slide that is suitably ruled for counting the leukocytes in a measured volume of accurately diluted blood (or other specimens). [leukocyte + G. metron, measure]

leukocytopenia leukocytopenia (lu´ko-sI-to-pe´ne-a)

leukopenia

leukocytoplania leukocytoplania (lu´ko-sI-to-pla´ne-a)

Movement of leukocytes from the lumens of blood vessels, through serous membranes, or in the tissues. [leukocyte + G. plane, a wandering]

leukocytopoiesis leukocytopoiesis (lu´ko-sI-to-poy-e´sis)

leukopoiesis [leukocyte + G. poiesis, a making]

leukocytosis leukocytosis (lu´ko-sI-to´sis)

An abnormally large number of leukocytes, as observed in acute infections. A white blood cell count of 10,000 or more per cu mm usually indicates l. Most examples of l. represent a disproportionate increase in the number of cells in the neutrophilic series, and the term is frequently used synonymously with the designation neutrophilia. L. of 15,000 to 25,000 per cu mm is frequently observed in various pathologic conditions, and values as high as 40,000 are not unusual; occasionally, as in some examples of leukemoid reactions, white blood cell counts may range up to 100,000 per cu mm. [leukocyte + G. -osis, condition]
absolute l. an actual increase in the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood, as distinguished from a relative increase (such as that observed in dehydration).
agonal l. terminal l
basophilic l. the presence of an abnormally large number of basophilic granulocytes in the blood.basocytosis;
digestive l. l. occurring normally after ingestion of food.
distribution l. an abnormally large proportion of one or more types of leukocytes.
emotional l. an abnormally high white blood cell count that is thought to be related only to an emotional disturbance.
eosinophilic l. a form of relative l. in which the greatest proportionate increase is in the eosinophils.eosinophilia;
lymphocytic l. lymphocytosis
monocytic l. monocytosis
neutrophilic l. neutrophilia
l. of the newborn an apparently "physiologic" l. usually observed in newborn infants, in whom the white blood cell counts are usually greater than 10,000 per cu mm, and sometimes range to 45,000 per cu mm, resulting chiefly from increased numbers of neutrophils (especially single and bilobed forms). On the third or fourth day of life, the count generally decreases rapidly, and then fluctuates for several days; beginning about the fourth week of life, a relative lymphocytosis is observed, and this normally continues for a few years.
physiologic l. any form of l. that is associated with apparently normal situations and that is not directly related to a pathologic condition; e.g., the temporary increase in the total number of white blood cells that may occur during a single day, or from day to day, as well as in the newborn period, during childhood, after strenuous exercise, during attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia, and in association with various other situations.
relative l. an increased proportion of one or more types of leukocytes in the circulating blood, without an actual increase in the total number of white blood cells.
terminal l. one that occurs in a person just prior to death, especially in one who has a "slow death."agonal l;

leukocytotactic leukocytotactic (lu´ko-sI-to-tak´tik)

Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing leukocytotaxia.leukocytactic, leukotactic;

leukocytotaxia leukocytotaxia (lu-ko-sI-to-tak´se-a)

1. The active ameboid movement of leukocytes, especially the neutrophilic granulocytes, either toward (positive l. ) or away from (negative l. ) certain microorganisms as well as various substances frequently formed in inflamed tissue. 2. The property of attracting or repelling leukocytes.leukocytaxia, leukocytaxis, leukotaxia, leukotaxis; [leukocyte + G. taxis, arrangement]

leukocytotoxin leukocytotoxin (lu´ko-sI-to-tok´sin)

Any substance that causes degeneration and necrosis of leukocytes, including leukolysin and leukocidin.leukotoxin; [leukocyte + G. toxikon, poison]

Leukocytozoon Leukocytozoon (lu´ko-sI-to-zo´on)

Leucocytozoon

leukocytozoonosis leukocytozoonosis (lu´ko-sI´to-zo-o-no´sis)

leucocytozoonosis

leukocyturia leukocyturia (lu´ko-sI-tu´re-a)

The presence of leukocytes in urine that is recently voided or collected by means of a catheter. [leukocyte + G. ouron, urine]

leukoderma leukoderma (lu-ko-der´ma)

An absence of pigment, partial or total, in the skin.achromoderma, hypomelanosis, leukopathia, leukopathy; [leuko- + G. derma, skin]
acquired l. vitiligo
l. acquisi´tum centrifu´gum halo nevus
l. col´li syphilitic l
syphilitic l. a fading of the roseola of secondary syphilis, leaving reticulated depigmented and hyperpigmented areas located chiefly on the sides of the neck.l. colli, melanoleukoderma colli;

leukodermatous leukodermatous (lu-ko-der´ma-tus)

Relating to or resembling leukoderma.

leukodontia leukodontia (lu-ko-don´she-a)

The condition of having white teeth. [leuko- + G. odous, tooth]

leukodystrophia leukodystrophia (lu-ko-dis-tro´fe-a)

leukodystrophy
l. cer´ebri progres´siva leukodystrophy

leukodystrophy leukodystrophy (lu-ko-dis´tro-fe)

Term for a group of white matter diseases, some familial, characterized by progressive cerebral deterioration usually in early life, and pathologically by primary absence or degeneration of the myelin of the central and peripheral nervous systems with glial reaction; probably related to a defect in lipid metabolism; the adult type of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait [MIM*169500]. See also Canavan's disease.leukodystrophia cerebri progressiva, leukodystrophia, sclerosis of white matter; [leuko- + G. dys, bad, + trophe, nourishment]
adrenal l. sudanophilic leukodystrophy with bronzing of skin and adrenal atrophy. A metabolic disorder of young males, characterized by widespread myelin degeneration and associated adrenal insufficiency. The myelin degeneration is massive in various portions of the brain and sometimes the spinal cord, with the accumulation of degradation products of myelin in macrophages: sudanophilic demyelination; atrophy is present in the adrenal glands and testes, and markedly increased amounts of very long-chain fatty acid are present in both the brain and adrenal glands. Symptoms include bronzing of the skin, dysarthria, cortical blindness, bilateral hemiplegia, pseudobulbar paralysis, and progressive dementia. Probably sex-linked recessive inheritance.
l. with diffuse Rosenthal fiber formation a metabolic disorder whose onset can be in infancy, adolescence, or adulthood; characterized pathologically by widespread cerebral demyelination with astrocyte and primitive oligodendroglial cell proliferation; refractile Rosenthal fibers result from the degeneration of these proliferating cells; etiology unknown, but possibly due to a metabolic defect of astrocytes; sex-linked recessive disorder.
globoid cell l. [MIM*245200] a metabolic disorder of infancy with rapidly progressive cerebral degeneration, massive loss of myelin, severe astrocytic gliosis, and infiltration of the white matter with characteristic multinucleate globoid cells; metabolically there is gross deficiency of lysosomal cerebrosidase (galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase); autosomal recessive inheritance.diffuse infantile familial sclerosis, galactosylceramide lipoidosis, Krabbe's disease;
metachromatic l. a metabolic disorder, usually of infancy, characterized by myelin loss, accumulation of metachromatic lipids (galactosyl sulfatidates) in the white matter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, progressive paralysis, and mental retardation; psychosis and dementia are seen in adults; autosomal recessive inheritance; autosomal dominant [MIM*156310, *176801] and recessive [MIM*250100] inheritance; a deficiency of arylsulfatase A.sulfatide lipidosis;

leukoedema leukoedema (lu´ko-e-de´ma)

A bluish-white opalescence of the buccal mucosa which becomes the normal mucosal color on stretching the tissue; most commonly observed in blacks and may be considered a normal anatomic variation.

leukoencephalitis leukoencephalitis (lu´ko-en-sef-a-lI´tis)

Encephalitis restricted to the white matter.
acute epidemic l. a disease characterized by acute onset of fever, followed by convulsions, delirium, and coma, and associated with perivascular demyelination and hemorrhagic foci in the central nervous system.acute primary hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis, Strümpell's disease (2);
acute hemorrhagic l. acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis
acute necrotizing hemorrhagic l. acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis
sclerosing l. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
subacute sclerosing l. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

leukoencephalopathy leukoencephalopathy (lu´ko-en-sef-a-lop´a-the)

White matter changes first described in children with leukemia, associated with radiation and chemotherapy injury, often associated with methotrexate; pathologically characterized by diffuse reactive astrocytosis with multiple areas of necrotic foci without inflammation. [leuko- + G. enkephalos, brain, + pathos, suffering]
progressive multifocal l. (PML) a rare, subacute, afebrile disease characterized by areas of demyelinization surrounded by markedly altered neuroglia, including inclusion bodies in glial cells; it occurs usually in individuals with AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma, or other debilitating diseases, or in those who have been receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Caused by JC virus, a human polyoma virus.progressive subcortical encephalopathy;

leukoerythroblastosis leukoerythroblastosis (lu´ko-e-rith´ro-blas-to´sis)

Any anemic condition resulting from space-occupying lesions in the bone marrow; the circulating blood contains immature cells of the granulocytic series and nucleated red blood cells, frequently in numbers that are disproportionately large in relation to the degree of anemia.leukoerythroblastic anemia, myelophthisic anemia, myelopathic anemia;

leukokeratosis leukokeratosis (lu´ko-ker-a-to´sis)

Rarely used term for leukoplakia.

leukokinetic leukokinetic (lu´ko-ki-net´ik)

Pertaining to leukokinetics. [leukocyte + G. kinetikos, of motion, fr. kineo, to move]

leukokinetics leukokinetics (lu´ko-ki-net´iks)

The study of the formation, circulation, and fate of leukocyte, usually by use of a radioactive tracer. [leukocyte + G. kinetikos, of or for putting in motion]

leukokoria leukokoria (lu-ko-ko´re-a)

See leukocoria.

leukokraurosis leukokraurosis (lu´ko-kraw-ro´sis)

kraurosis vulvae

leukolymphosarcoma leukolymphosarcoma (lu´ko-lim´fo-sar-ko´ma)

Obsolete term for malignant lymphoma.

leukolysin leukolysin (lu-kol´i-sin)

leukocytolysin

leukolysis leukolysis (lu-kol´i-sis)

leukocytolysis

leukolytic leukolytic (lu-ko-lit´ik)

leukocytolytic

leukoma leukoma (lu-ko´ma)

A dense, opaque, white opacity of the cornea. [G. whiteness, a white spot in the eye, fr. leukos, white]
adherent l. a cicatrix of the cornea to which a portion of the iris is attached.

leukomatous leukomatous (lu-ko´ma-tus)

Denoting leukoma.

leukomyelitis leukomyelitis (loo´ko-mI-e-lI´tis)

An inflammatory process involving the white matter of the spinal cord.
necrotizing hemorrhage l. the pathological substrate responsible for the clinical disorder of acute necrotizing myelitis.

leukomyelopathy leukomyelopathy (lu´ko-mI´e-lop´a-the)

Any systemic disease involving the white matter or the conducting tracts of the spinal cord. [leuko- + G. myelos, marrow, + pathos, suffering]

leukon leukon (lu´kon)

The total mass of circulating leukocytes as well as the cells and leukopoietic cells from which it originates.

leukonecrosis leukonecrosis (lu´ko-ne-kro´sis)

white gangrene [leuko- + G. nekrosis, deadness]

leukonychia leukonychia (lu-ko-nik´e-a)

The occurrence of white spots or patches under the nails, due to the presence of air bubbles between the nail and its bed; the decoloration may be total or in the form of lines (striate l.) or dots (punctate l.).achromia unguium, canities unguium, leukopathia unguis; [leuko- + G. onyx (onych-), nail]
apparent l. pallor of the nail not due to subungual air bubbles.

leukopathia leukopathia , leukopathy (lu-ko-path´e-a, lu-kop´a-the)

leukoderma [leuko- + G. pathos, disease]
acquired l. vitiligo
l. un´guis leukonychia

leukopedesis leukopedesis (lu´ko-pe-de´sis)

The movement of white blood cells (especially polymorphonuclear leukocytes) through the walls of capillaries and into the tissues. [leuko- + G. pedesis, a leaping]

leukopenia leukopenia (lu-ko-pe´ne-a)

The antithesis of leukocytosis; any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal, the lower limit of which is generally regarded as 4000-5000 per cu mm.leukocytopenia; [leuko(cyte) + G. penia, poverty]
basophilic l. a decrease in the number of basophilic granulocytes normally present in the circulating blood (difficult to evaluate, owing to the small and variable number normally present).basocytopenia, basopenia;
eosinophilic l. a decrease in the number of eosinophilic granulocytes normally present in the circulating blood.
lymphocytic l. lymphopenia
monocytic l. monocytopenia
neutrophilic l. neutropenia

leukopenic leukopenic (lu-ko-pe´nik)

Pertaining to leukopenia.

leukophlegmasia leukophlegmasia (lu-ko-fleg-ma´ze-a)

lymphatic edema [leuko- + phlegmasia]
l. do´lens phlegmasia alba dolens

leukoplakia leukoplakia (lu-ko-pla´ke-a)

A white patch of oral mucous membrane which cannot be wiped off and cannot be diagnosed clinically as any specific disease entity; in current usage, a clinical term without histologic or premalignant connotation. [leuko- + G. plax, plate]
hairy l. a white lesion appearing on the tongue, occasionally on the buccal mucosa, of patients with AIDS; the lesion appears raised, with a corrugated or "hairy" surface due to keratin projections.Appearing in otherwise healthy individuals, hairy leukoplakia, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, rarely becomes cancerous (in an estimated 5% of cases, over a 20-year period after first appearance). However, among those with AIDS, the risk is elevated. As with oral candidiasis, this is frequently among the first symptoms to arise in HIV-positive persons. Perhaps 20% of those with hairy leukoplakia are HIV positive. When the lesion does not spontaneously regress, it is sometimes treated with antiviral drugs (e.g., acyclovir, zidovudine).
l. vul´vae a clinical term for hyperkeratotic white patches of the vulvar epithelium; biopsy is necessary for specific diagnosis.leukoplakic vulvitis;

leukopoiesis leukopoiesis (lu´ko-poy-e´sis)

Formation and development of the various types of white blood cells.leukocytopoiesis; [leuko- + G. poiesis, a making]

leukopoietic leukopoietic (lu´ko-poy-et´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by leukopoiesis, as manifested by portions of the bone marrow and reticuloendothelial and lymphoid tissues, which form (respectively) the granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

leukoprotease leukoprotease (lu-ko-pro´te-as)

An ill-defined proteolytic enzyme product of polynuclear leukocytes, formed in an area of inflammation, that causes liquefaction of dead tissue.

leukoriboflavin leukoriboflavin (lu-ko-rI´bo-fla-vin)

The colorless nonfluorescing dihydro compound formed by the reduction of riboflavin.

leukorrhagia leukorrhagia (lu-ko-ra´je-a)

leukorrhea [leuko- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

leukorrhea leukorrhea (lu-ko-re´a)

Discharge from the vagina of a white or yellowish viscid fluid containing mucus and pus cells.leukorrhagia; [leuko- + G. rhoia, flow]
menstrual l. intermittent l. recurring at or just before each menstrual period.

leukorrheal leukorrheal (lu-ko-re´al)

Relating to or characterized by leukorrhea.

leukosarcoma leukosarcoma (lu´ko-sar-ko´ma)

Obsolete term for malignant lymphoma.

leukosarcomatosis leukosarcomatosis (lu´ko-sar-ko-ma-to´sis)

Obsolete term for a condition characterized initially by numerous widespread nodules or masses of lymphosarcoma, and the subsequent presence of similar cells in the circulating blood as in leukosarcoma.

leukosis leukosis (lu-ko´sis)

Abnormal proliferation of one or more of the leukopoietic tissues; the term includes myelosis, certain forms of reticuloendotheliosis, and lymphadenosis.
avian l. a group of conditions (e.g., lymphoid, erythroid, or myeloid l.) that occur chiefly in chickens and are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of myelopoietic, erythropoietic, or lymphoid tissues; etiologic agents are a group of closely related viruses in the family Retroviridae, and the conditions are transmissible. See also avian leukosis-sarcoma complex.fowl l., leukemia of fowls;
enzootic bovine l. a fatal infectious disease of cattle older than 3 years caused by the bovine leukemia virus in the family Retroviridae; characterized clinically by enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, and decreased milk production, and pathologically by development of lymphosarcoma in various tissues and organs.bovine leukemia;
fowl l. avian l
sporadic bovine l. a rare disease of cattle less than 3 years of age, of unknown cause, characterized by the development of lymphosarcoma; three clinicopathological forms are recognized: calf or juvenile form, thymic form, and cutaneous form.

leukotactic leukotactic (lu-ko-tak´tik)

leukocytotactic

leukotaxia leukotaxia (lu-ko-tak´se-a)

leukocytotaxia

leukotaxine leukotaxine (lu-ko-tak´sen)

A cell-free nitrogenous material prepared from injured, acutely degenerating tissue and from inflammatory exudates.

leukotaxis leukotaxis (lu-ko-tak´sis)

leukocytotaxia

leukotic leukotic (lu-kot´ik)

Pertaining to, characterized by, or manifesting leukosis.

leukotome leukotome (lu´ko-tom)

An instrument for performing leukotomy.

leukotomy leukotomy (lu-kot´o-me)

Incision into the white matter of the frontal lobe of the brain. [leuko- + G. tome, a cutting]
prefrontal l. prefrontal lobotomy
transorbital l. transorbital lobotomy

leukotoxin leukotoxin (lu-ko-tok´sin)

leukocytotoxin

leukotrichia leukotrichia (lu-ko-trik´e-a)

Whiteness of the hair. [leuko- + G. thrix, hair]
l. annula´ris ringed hair

leukotrichous leukotrichous (lu-kot´ri-kus)

Having white hair.

leukotrienes (LT) leukotrienes (LT) (lu-ko-trI´enz)

Products of eicosanoid metabolism (usually, arachidonic acid) with postulated physiologic activity such as mediators of inflammation and roles in allergic reactions; differ from the related prostaglandins and thromboxanes by not having a central ring; so named because discovered in association with leukocytes and of three conjugated double bonds; letters A through F identify the six metabolites thus far isolated, with subscript numbers to indicate the number of double bonds (e.g., leukotriene C₄).
peptidyl l. l. having amino acids present (even single amino acids) although not true peptides; e.g., LTC₄ is an S-substituted glutathione, LTD₄ is an S-substituted cysteinylglycine, LTE₄ is an S-substituted cysteine, and LTF₄ (also known as gamma-glutamyl-LTE₄) is an S-substituted gamma-glutamylcysteine.

Leukovirus Leukovirus (lu´ko-vI´rus)

A former genus composed of the RNA tumor viruses now included in the family Retroviridae.

leupeptin leupeptin (lu-pep´tin)

A peptide (N-acetylleucylleucylarginyl) from Streptomyces species that inhibits cathepsin B, papain, trypsin, plasmin, and cathepsin D.

leuprolide acetate leuprolide acetate (lu´pro-lId)

A synthetic nonapeptide analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone; used in the palliative treatment of advanced prostatic cancer.

leurocristine leurocristine (lu´ro-kris´tin)

vincristine sulfate

Lev Lev

Maurice, U.S. pathologist, *1908. See L.'s disease, syndrome.

Levaditi Levaditi

Constantin, Roumanian bacteriologist in Paris, 1874-1928. See L. stain.

levallorphan tartrate levallorphan tartrate (lev-a-lor´fan)

1-N-Allyl-3-hydroxymorphinan tartrate;the N-allyl analog of levorphanol, antagonistic to the actions of narcotic analgesics; used in the treatment of respiratory depression due to overdosage of narcotics.

levamisole levamisole (le-vam´I-sol)

Formerly used as an anthelmintic; increases immune responses and is used adjunctively with antineoplastic agents to improve response and suppress recurrence.

levan levan (le´van)

fructosan

levansucrase levansucrase (lev-an-su´kras)

An enzyme catalyzing transfer of the fructose moiety of sucrose to polyfructose (a levan), releasing d-glucose.

levarterenol levarterenol (lev-ar-ter´e-nol)

norepinephrine
l. bitartrate norepinephrine bitartrate

levator levator (le-va´ter, tor)

1. A surgical instrument for prying up the depressed part in a fracture of the skull. 2. One of several muscles whose action is to raise the part into which it is inserted. [L. a lifter, fr. levo, pp. -atus, to lift, fr. levis, light]

LeVeen LeVeen

Harry H., U.S. surgeon, *1914. See LeV. shunt.

level level (le´vel)

Any rank, position, or status in a graded scale of values.
acoustic reference l. the biological reference l. for sound measurements. When the term decibel is used to indicate the noise l., a reference quantity is implied; this reference value is usually expressed as a sound pressure of 20 micronewtons per square meter. The reference l. is referred to as 0 decibels, the baseline of the scale of noise l.'s; this baseline is considered the weakest sound that can be heard by a person with very good hearing in an extremely quiet location. Other equivalent reference l.'s still being used include 0.0002 microbar and 0.0002 dyne per square centimeter.
l. of aspiration in clinical psychology, the degree or quality of performance (exhibited in a testing situation) which an individual desires to attain or feels he can achieve.
background l. the concentration (usually low) at which a substance or agent is present or occurs at a particular time and place in the absence of a specific hazard under investigation; an example is the background level of ionizing radiation.
Clark's l. the l. of invasion of primary malignant melanoma of the skin; limited to the epidermis, I; into the underlying papillary dermis, II; to the junction of the papillary and reticular dermis, III; into the reticular dermis, IV; into the subcutaneous fat, V. The prognosis is worse with each successive deeper l. of invasion.
hearing l. the measure of the status of hearing as read directly on the hearing loss scale of an audiometer; described in decibels as a deviation from a standard value for zero on the audiometer.
sound pressure l. (SPL) a measure of sound energy relative to 0.0002 dynes/cm², expressed in decibels.
window l. the CT number setting in Hounsfield units of the midpoint of the window width, which is the gray scale of the image; a typical window l. for imaging the lungs if -500; for the abdomen, 0.

Leventhal Leventhal

Michael L., U.S. obstetrician-gynecologist, 1901-1971. See Stein-L. syndrome.

lever lever (lev´er, le´ver)

An instrument used to lift or pry. [Fr. lever, to lift]
dental l. elevator (2)

leverage leverage (le´ver-ij)

1. The actual lift or elevating direction of a lever or elevator. 2. The mechanical advantage gained thereby.

Lévi Lévi

E. Leopold, French endocrinologist, 1868-1933. See dominantly inherited L.'s disease; Lorain-L. dwarfism, infantilism, syndrome.

Levin Levin

Abraham, U.S. physician, 1880-1940. See L. tube.

Levin Levin

Max, U.S. neurologist, *1901. See Kleine-L. syndrome.

Levine Levine

Samuel A., U.S. cardiologist, 1891-1966. See Lown-Ganong-L. syndrome.

Levinea Levinea (le-vin´e-a)

A former genus of bacteria (of the family Enterobacteriaceae) whose species are now assigned to the genus Citrobacter. [Max Levine, U.S. bacteriologist, *1889]
L. amalona´tica Citrobacter amalonatica
L. diversus Citrobacter diversus
L. malona´tica Citrobacter diversus

levitation levitation (lev-i-ta´shun)

Support of the patient on a cushion of air. [L. levitas, lightness]

Leviviridae Leviviridae (le-vi-vir´i-de)

Provisional name for a family of small, nonenveloped, isometric bacterial viruses with genomes of single-stranded RNA (MW 1 x 10⁶). Virions adsorb to the sides of bacterial pili, and crystalline arrays are formed in infected bacteria. The type species is coliphage R17. [L. levis, light (not heavy)]

levo- levo-

Left, toward or on the left side. [L. laevus]

levobunolol hydrochloride levobunolol hydrochloride (le-vo-byu´no-lol)

(-)-5-[3-(tert-Butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenonehydrochloride;a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used primarily as an eye drop in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

levocardia levocardia (le-vo-kar´de-a)

Situs inversus of the other viscera but with the heart normally situated on the left; congenital cardiac lesions are commonly associated. [levo- + G. kardia, heart]

levocardiogram levocardiogram (le-vo-kar´de-o-gram)

That part of the bicardiogram, or normal curve, that is the effect of the left ventricle.

levocarnitine levocarnitine (le´vo-kar´nI-ten)

Used as a supplement for carnitine deficiency.

levoclination levoclination (le´vo-kli-na´shun)

levotorsion (2) [levo- + L. clino, pp. -atus, to bend]

levocycleduction levocycleduction

levotorsion

levocycloduction levocycloduction (le´vo-sI-klo-duk´shun)

levotorsion of one eye. [levo- + cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]

levodopa levodopa (le-vo-do´pa)

The biologically active form of dopa; an antiparkinsonian agent that is converted to dopamine.l-dopa;

levoduction levoduction (le-vo-duk´shun)

Turning of one eye to the left; exduction of left eye or euduction of right eye. [levo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]

levoform levoform (le´vo-form)

Denoting the structure of a substance that rotates the plane of polarized light counterclockwise (left).

levoglucose levoglucose (le-vo-glu´kos)

d-Fructose. See fructose.

levogram levogram (le´vo-gram)

Electrocardiographic record in an experimental animal representing spread of impulse through the left ventricle alone.

levogyrate levogyrate , levogyrous (le-vo-jI´rat, -jI´rus)

levorotatory [levo- + L. gyro, to turn in a circle]

levonordefrin levonordefrin (le´vo-nor-def´rin)

a-(1-Aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol;used as a nasal decongestant and as a vasoconstrictor given with infiltration anesthetics.

levophacetoperane levophacetoperane (le´vo-fa-se-top´er´an)

a-Phenyl-2-piperidinemethanol acetate;an antidepressant with anorexigenic properties.

levophobia levophobia (lev´o-fo´be-a)

Fear of objects to the left.

levopropoxyphene napsylate levopropoxyphene napsylate (le´vo-pro-pok´si-fen)

a-4-(Dimethylamino)-3-methyl-1,2-diphenyl-2-butanol propionate 2-naphthalenesulfonate;an antitussive.

levorotation levorotation (le-vo-ro-ta´shun)

1. A turning or twisting to the left; in particular, the counterclockwise twist given the plane of plane-polarized light by solutions of certain optically active substances. Cf. dextrorotation. 2. sinistrotorsion [levo- + L. roto, to turn]

levorotatory levorotatory (le-vo-ro´ta-tor-e)

Denoting levorotation, or certain crystals or solutions capable of doing so; as a chemical prefix, usually abbreviated l- or (-). Cf. dextrorotatory. levogyrate, levogyrous;

levorphanol tartrate levorphanol tartrate (lev-orf´a-nol)

l-3-Hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan tartrate dihydrate;an analgesic similar in action to morphine.

levotorsion levotorsion (le-vo-tor´shun)

1. sinistrotorsion 2. Rotation of the upper pole of the cornea of one or both eyes to the left.levoclination; levocycleduction; [levo- + L. torsio, a twisting]

levoversion levoversion (le´vo-ver´zhun)

1. Version toward the left. 2. Conjugate turning of both eyes to the left. [levo- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]

Levret Levret

André, French obstetrician, 1703-1780. See L.'s forceps; Mauriceau-L. maneuver.

levulan levulan (lev´yu-lan)

fructosan

levulic acid levulic acid (lev´yu-lik)

levulinic acid

levulin levulin (lev´yu-lin)

fructosan

levulinate levulinate (lev´yu-lin-at)

A salt or ester of levulinic acid.

levulinic acid levulinic acid (lev-yu-lin´ik)

4-Oxopentanoic acid;CH₃COCH₂CH₂COOH, formed by the action of hot, strong acids on hexoses. See also delta-aminolevulinic acid.levulic acid;

levulosan levulosan (lev´yu-lo-san)

fructosan

levulose levulose (lev´yu-los)

d-Fructose. See fructose.

levulosemia levulosemia (lev´yu-lo-se´me-a)

fructosemia

levulosuria levulosuria (lev´yu-lo-su´re-a)

fructosuria

Lévy Lévy

Gabrielle, French neurologist, 1886-1935. See Roussy-L. disease, syndrome.

Lewandowski Lewandowski

Felix, German dermatologist, 1879-1921. See Jadassohn-L. syndrome; nevus elasticus of L.

Lewis Lewis

Gilbert N., U.S. chemist, 1875-1946. See also L. acid, base; second law of thermodynamics.

Lewis Blood Group Lewis Blood Group , Le Blood Group

See Blood Groups Appendix.

lewisite lewisite (lu´i-sIt)

C₂H₂AsCl₃; dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine;a war gas. It is a vesicant, a lung irritant like mustard gas, a systemic poison entering the circulation through the lungs or skin, and a mitotic poison arresting mitosis in the metaphase; dimercaprol is the antidote.beta-chlorovinyldichloroarsine; [W. Lee Lewis, U.S. chemist 1898-1943]

Lewy Lewy , Lewey

Frederic H., German neurologist in the U.S., 1885-1950. See L. bodies, under body.

-lexis -lexis , -lexy

Suffixes that properly relate to speech, although often confused with -legia (Latin -legis) and thus erroneously employed to relate to reading. [G. lexis, word, speech, from lego, to say]

Leyden Leyden

Ernst V. von, German physician, 1832-1910. See L.'s ataxia, crystals, under crystal, neuritis; L.-Möbius muscular dystrophy.

Leydig Leydig

Franz von, German anatomist, 1821-1908. See L.'s cells, under cell; L. cell adenoma.

leydigarche leydigarche (lI´dig-ar-ke)

Obsolete term for the beginning of gonadal function in the male, e.g., male puberty. [Leydig (see Leydig cells), + G. arche, beginning]

Lf Lf , L_f

See dose.

LFA LFA

Abbreviation for left frontoanterior position; lymphocyte function associated antigen.

LFP LFP

Abbreviation for left frontoposterior position.

LFT LFT

Abbreviation for left frontotransverse position.

LH LH

Abbreviation for luteinizing hormone.

Lhermitte Lhermitte

Jean, French neurologist, 1877-1959. See L.'s sign.

LH/FSH-RF LH/FSH-RF

Abbreviation for luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor.

LH-RF LH-RF

Abbreviation for luteinizing hormone-releasing factor.

LH-RH LH-RH

Abbreviation for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

Li Li

Frederick P., 20th century epidemiologist. See L.-Fraumeni cancer syndrome.

Li Li

Symbol for lithium.

liberator liberator (lib´er-a-ter, -tor)

An agent that stimulates or activates a physiological chemical or an enzymatic action.
histamine l.'s substances that cause the release of histamine from mast cells or basophils.

liberins liberins (lib´er-ins)

releasing factors [L. libero, to free, + -in]

liberomotor liberomotor (lib´er-o-mo´ter)

Relating to voluntary movements. [L. liber, free, + motor, mover]

libidinization libidinization (li-bid´i-ni-za´shun)

erotization

libidinous libidinous (li-bid´i-nus)

Lascivious; invested with or arousing sexual desire or energy. [L. libidinosus, fr. libido (libidin-), pleasure, desire]

libido libido (li-be´do, -bI´do)

1. Conscious or unconscious sexual desire. 2. Any passionate interest or form of life force. 3. In jungian psychology, synonymous with psychic energy. [L. lust]
object l. l. invested in the object, in contradistinction to that invested in the ego.

Libman Libman

Emanuel, U.S. physician, 1872-1946. See L.-Sacks endocarditis, syndrome.

Liborius Liborius

Paul, 19th century Russian bacteriologist. See L.'s method.

library library (lI´brar-e)

A collection of cloned fragments that represent the entire genome.
cDNA l. a collection of copy (cDNA) fragments that have been made by reverse transcriptase from the mRNA of a particular cell, organ, or organism.
genomic l. l. in which both introns and exons are represented.
l. screening the process of selection of a desired clone from the collection.

lice lice (lIs)

Plural of louse.

lichen lichen (lI´ken)

A discrete flat papule or an aggregate of papules giving a patterned configuration resembling lichens growing on rocks. [G. leichen, lichen; a lichen-like eruption]
l. acumina´tus l. planus
l. a´grius acute papular eczema of severe type.Celsus' papules;
l. al´bus chronic lichenoid dermatitis with depigmentation.
l. annula´ris granuloma annulare
l. hemorrhag´icus a papular eruption due to hemorrhage into the hair follicles.
l. infan´tum miliaria rubra
l. i´ris ringworm with concentric rings of erythematous papules.
l. myxedemato´sus a lichenoid eruption of papules or plaques of mucinous edema due to deposit of glycosaminoglycans in the skin and fibroblast proliferation, in the absence of endocrine disease. See also scleromyxedema.papular mucinosis;
l. niti´dus minute asymptomatic whitish or pinkish papules; lesions, which are flat-topped, rarely may coexist with l. planus and may involve male genitalia.
l. nu´chae l. simplex of the neck, usually in women.
l. obtu´sus a form in which the papules are large and rounded instead of flattened.
oral (erosive) l. planus oral manifestations of l. planus characterized by white striae (Wickham's striae) of the oral mucous membrane and sometimes associated with ulceration; patients may or may not exhibit a history of cutaneous l. planus.
l. planopila´ris follicular hyperkeratosis of the scalp with lymphocytic perifolliculitis and l. planus elsewhere.Graham Little syndrome, l. planus et acuminatus atrophicans;
l. pla´nus eruption of flat-topped, shiny, violaceous papules on flexor surfaces, male genitalia, and buccal mucosa of unknown cause; may form linear groups; microscopically characterized by a bead-like subepidermal lymphocytic infiltrate. Spontaneous resolution is common after months to years.l. acuminatus, l. ruber planus, Wilson's l;
l. pla´nus et acumina´tus atro´phicans l. planopilaris
l. pla´nus annula´ris a form in which the papules are grouped in ring figures.
l. pla´nus follicula´ris l. planus of the hair follicles, usually of the scalp.
l. pla´nus hypertro´phicus verrucoid or warty lesions occurring on legs and thighs in association with l. planus elsewhere.l. planus verrucosus, l. ruber verrucosus;
l. pla´nus verruco´sus l. planus hypertrophicus
l. ru´ber obsolete term for l. planus.
l. ru´ber monilifor´mis a rare dermatosis consisting of small reddish papules arranged in narrow beaded bands and covering large areas of the body.
l. ru´ber pla´nus l. planus
l. ru´ber verruco´sus l. planus hypertrophicus
l. sclero´sus et atro´phicus an eruption consisting of white atrophic papules which may be discrete or confluent and may contain a central depression or a black keratotic plug microscopically showing epidermal hyperkeratosis and atrophy, superficial dermal edema and homogenization, and mid-dermal inflammation; vulval involvement was formerly called kraurosis vulvae.
l. scrofuloso´rum small asymptomatic l. papules on the trunk of children with tuberculosis; acid-fast bacilli are not seen in the dermal granulomas.acne scrofulosorum, papular scrofuloderma, papular tuberculid;
l. sim´plex chronicus a thickened area of itching skin resulting from rubbing and scratching.
l. spinulo´sus eruption of conical papules, of unknown cause, which have an adherent scaly surface; may be related to l. planus.
l. stria´tus a self-limited papular eruption occurring primarily in children (more commonly in females); the lesions are arranged in linear groups and usually occur on one extremity.
l. strophulo´sus miliaria rubra
l. syphilit´icus follicular syphilid
tropical l. , l. trop´icus miliaria rubra
l. urtica´tus papular urticaria
Wilson's l. l. planus

lichenification lichenification (lI´ken-i-fi-ka´shun)

Leathery induration and thickening of the skin with hyperkeratosis, caused by scratching in atopic or chronic contact dermatitis.lichenization; [lichen + L. facio, to make]

lichenin lichenin (lI´ken-in)

A variety of polysaccharide obtained from Iceland moss; used as a demulcent.moss starch;

lichenization lichenization (lI´ken-i-za´shun)

lichenification

lichenoid lichenoid (lI´ke-noyd)

1. Resembling lichen. 2. Accentuation of normal skin markings observed in cases of chronic eczema. 3. Microscopically resembling lichen planus.

Lichtenstein Lichtenstein

Louis, U.S. physician, 1906-1977. See Jaffe-L. disease.

Lichtheim Lichtheim

Ludwig, German physician, 1845-1928. See L.'s sign; Dejerine-Lichtheim phenomenon.

licorice licorice (lik´o-ris)

glycyrrhiza

lid lid

eyelid [A.S. hlid]
granular l.'s trachoma
lower l. lower eyelid
upper l. upper eyelid

Liddell Liddell

Edward G.T., English neurophysiologist, 1895-1981. See L.-Sherrington reflex.

lidocaine hydrochloride lidocaine hydrochloride (lI´do-kan)

Diethylamino-2,6-acetoxylidide hydrochloride;a local anesthetic with antiarrhythmic and anticonvulsant properties.

lidoflazine lidoflazine (lI-do-fla´zen)

4-[4,4-Bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl]-1-piperazineaceto-2´,6´-xylidide;a coronary vasodilator.

lie lie (lI)

Relationship of the long axis of the fetus to that of the mother.
longitudinal l. that relationship in which the long axis of the fetus is longitudinal and roughly parallel to the long axis of the mother; the presenting part may be either the head or the breech.
oblique l. that relationship in which the long axis of the fetus crosses the maternal axis at an angle other than a right angle.
transverse l. that relationship in which the long axis of the fetus is transverse or at right angles to that of the mother.

Lieberkühn Lieberkühn

Johann N., German anatomist, 1711-1756. See L.'s crypts, under crypt, follicles, under follicle, glands, under gland.

lieberkühn lieberkühn (le´ber-kun)

A concave reflector around the objective of a microscope, for the purpose of directing a concentrated beam of light on the material being examined. [J.N. Lieberkühn]

Liebermann Liebermann

Leo von S., Hungarian physician, 1852-1926. See Burchard-L. reaction; L.-Burchard test.

Liebermeister Liebermeister

Carl von, German physician, 1833-1901. See L.'s rule.

Liebig Liebig

Baron Justus von, German chemist, 1803-1873. See L.'s theory.

Liebow Liebow (le´-bo)

Averill A., Austrian-U.S. pulmonary pathologist, 1911-1978. See usual interstitial pneumonia of Liebow.

lie detector lie detector

polygraph (2)

lien lien (lI´en) [NA]

* official alternate term for spleen [L.]
l. accesso´rius accessory spleen
l. mo´bilis floating spleen
l. succenturia´tus accessory spleen

lien- lien- , lieno-

The spleen; most terms beginning thus are obsolete or obsolescent. See spleno-. [L. lien]

lienal lienal (lI´e-nal)

splenic

lienculus lienculus (lI-en´kyu-lus)

accessory spleen [Mod. L. dim. of L. lien, spleen]

lienectomy lienectomy (lI´e-nek´to-me)

Obsolete term for splenectomy.

lienomedullary lienomedullary (lI´e-no-med´yu-lar-e)

splenomyelogenous [lieno- + G. medulla, marrow]

lienomyelogenous lienomyelogenous (lI´e-no-mI-e-loj´e-nus)

splenomyelogenous

lienopancreatic lienopancreatic (lI´e-no-pan´kre-at´ik)

splenopancreatic

lienorenal lienorenal (lI´e-no-re´nal)

splenorenal [lieno- + L. ren, kidney]

lienteric lienteric (lI-en-ter´ik)

Relating to, or marked by, lientery.

lientery lientery (lI´en-ter-e)

Passage of undigested food in the stools. [G. leienteria, fr. leios, smooth, + enteron, intestine]

lienunculus lienunculus (lI´e-nun´kyu-lus)

accessory spleen [Mod. L. dim. of L. lien, spleen]

Liesegang Liesegang

Ralph E., German chemist, 1869-1947. See L. rings, under ring.

Lieutaud Lieutaud

Joseph, French anatomist and pathologist, 1703-1780. See L.'s body, triangle, trigone, uvula.

life life (lIf)

1. Vitality, the essential condition of being alive; the state of existence characterized by such functions as metabolism, growth, reproduction, adaptation, and response to stimuli. 2. Living organisms such as animals and plants. [A.S. lif]
half-l. See half-life.
postnatal l. that interval of l. after birth; in man, usually divided into periods: neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
prenatal l. that interval of l. between conception and birth; in humans, usually divided into embryonic and fetal periods.
sexual l. in psychiatry and psychoanalysis, the specifically erotic or sexual interests, fantasies, inclinations, and conduct of the patient.
vegetative l. the simple metabolic and reproductive activity of humans or animals, apart from the exercise of conscious mental or psychic processes.

life events life events

Occurrences in one's daily life, some of which act as stressors.

lifespan lifespan

1. The duration of life of an individual. 2. The normal or average duration of life of members of a given species. See also longevity.

life-style life-style

The set of habits and customs that is influenced by the lifelong process of socialization, including social use of substances such as alcohol and tobacco, dietary habits, exercise, etc., all of which have important implications for health.

ligament ligament (lig´a-ment)

1. A band or sheet of fibrous tissue connecting two or more bones, cartilages, or other structures, or serving as support for fasciae or muscles. 2. A fold of peritoneum supporting any of the abdominal viscera. 3. Any structure resembling a l. though not performing the function of such. 4. The cordlike remains of a fetal vessel or other structure that has lost its original lumen.ligamentum [NA]; [L. ligamentum, a band, bandage]
accessory l.'s l.'s about a joint that are in addition to the articular capsule. They may lie within, or on the outside of the latter.
accessory plantar l.'s plantar l.'s
accessory volar l.'s palmar l.'s
acromioclavicular l. a fibrous band extending from the acromion of the scapula to the clavicle.ligamentum acromioclaviculare [NA];
alar l.'s 1. one of a pair of short stout bands that extends from the side of the dens of the axis to the tubercle on the medial aspect of the occipital condyle;check l.'s of odontoid; 2. alar folds, under fold
alveolodental l. periodontal l
annular l. one of a number of l.'s encircling various parts; the principal annular l.'s are those of the stapes, radius, and trachea. See annular l. of the radius, annular l. of the stapes, annular l.'s of the trachea.ligamentum annulare, orbicular l;
annular l. of the radius the l. that encircles and holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint and enabling pronation/supination of forearm; receives the radial collateral l. of the elbow.ligamentum annulare radii [NA], ligamentum orbiculare radii, orbicular l. of radius;
annular l. of the stapes a ring of elastic fibers that attaches the base of the stapes to the margin of the fenestra vestibuli.ligamentum annulare stapedis [NA];
annular l.'s of the trachea the fibrous membranes that connect adjacent tracheal cartilages.ligamenta annularia trachealia [NA], ligamenta trachealia [NA];
anococcygeal l. a musculofibrous band that passes between the anus and the coccyx.ligamentum anococcygeum [NA], anococcygeal body, raphe anococcygea, Symington's anococcygeal body;
anterior costotransverse l. superior costotransverse l
anterior cruciate l. the l. that extends from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur.ligamentum cruciatum anterius [NA];
anterior l. of head of fibula a l. uniting the anterior part of the head of the fibula to the tibia.ligamentum capitis fibulae anterius;
anterior l. of Helmholtz See anterior l. of malleus.
anterior longitudinal l. the wide fibrous band interconnecting the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies.lacertus medius, ligamentum longitudinale anterius;
anterior l. of malleus consists of two portions: Meckel's band, passing from the base of the anterior process to the spine of the sphenoid through the petrotympanic fissure; and the anterior l. of Helmholtz, extending from the anterior aspect of the neck of the malleus to the anterior boundary of the tympanic notch.ligamentum mallei anterius [NA];
anterior meniscofemoral l. the ligamentous band that passes anterior to the posterior cruciate l., extending between the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus and the upper end of the anterior cruciate l.ligamentum meniscofemorale anterius [NA], Humphry's l;
anterior sacrococcygeal l. ventral sacrococcygeal l
anterior sacroiliac l.'s the strong fibrous bands that reinforce the sacroiliac joint anteriorly.ligamenta sacroiliaca anteriora [NA], ventral sacroiliac l.'s;
anterior sacrosciatic l. sacrospinous l
anterior sternoclavicular l. a fibrous band that reinforces the sternoclavicular anteriorly.ligamentum sternoclaviculare anterius [NA];
anterior talofibular l. the band of fibers that extends from the lateral malleolus to the neck of the talus.ligamentum talofibulare anterius [NA];
anterior talotibial l. anterior tibiotalar l See also deltoid l.
anterior tibiofibular l. the l. that binds the anterior aspect of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.ligamentum tibiofibulare anterius [NA];
anterior tibiotalar l. the part of the medial or deltoid l. that extends from the medial malleolus to the neck of the talus.pars tibiotalaris anterior ligamenti medialis [NA], anterior talotibial l., anterior tibiotalar part of deltoid ligament, ligamentum medialis, ligamentum talotibiale anterius;
apical l. of dens a l. that extends from the apex of the dens of the axis to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum; includes vestiges of notochord.ligamentum apicis dentis [NA];
Arantius' l. ligamentum venosum
arcuate popliteal l. a broad fibrous band attached above to the lateral condyle of the femur and passing medially and downward, blending with the posterior part of the fibrous capsule of the knee joint, arching over the tendon of the popliteus muscle.ligamentum popliteum arcuatum [NA], popliteal arch, posterior l. of knee;
arcuate pubic l. the l. that arches across the inferior aspect of the pubic symphysis.ligamentum arcuatum pubis [NA], inferior pubic l;
arterial l. ligamentum arteriosum
l.'s of auditory ossicles the l.'s connecting the ear bones with one another and with the walls of the tympanic cavity.ligamenta ossiculorum auditus [NA];
auricular l.'s the three l.'s that attach the auricle to the side of the head: anterior auricular l. (ligamentum auriculare anterius), which extends from the root of the zygomatic process to the spine of the helix; posterior auricular l. (ligamentum auriculare posterius), which extends from the mastoid process to the conchal eminence; superior auricular l. (ligamentum auriculare superius), which extends from the superior margin of the osseous external acoustic meatus to the spine of the helix.ligamenta auricularia [NA], Valsalva's l.'s;
axis l. of malleus Helmholtz' axis l
Bardinet's l. the posterior band of the ulnar collateral l. of the elbow.
Barkow's l.'s the anterior and posterior portions of the fibrous capsule of the elbow joint.
Bellini's l. a fasciculus from the ischiofemoral portion of the articular fibrous capsule of the hip which extends to the great trochanter.
Berry's l.'s lateral thyrohyoid l
Bertin's l. iliofemoral l
Bichat's l. the lower fasciculus of the posterior sacroiliac l.
bifurcate l. a strong V-shaped l. on the dorsum of the foot that passes from the calcaneus distal to the tarsal sinus and attaches to cuboid and navicular bones; it is divided into the dorsal calcaneocuboid l. and the calcaneonavicular l.ligamentum bifurcatum [NA], bifurcated l;
bifurcated l. bifurcate l
Bigelow's l. iliofemoral l
Botallo's l. ligamentum arteriosum
Bourgery's l. oblique popliteal l
broad l. of the uterus the peritoneal fold passing from the lateral margin of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis on either side, and in so doing also ensheathing the ovaries and uterine tubes.ligamentum latum uteri [NA];
Brodie's l. transverse humeral l
Burns' l. superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening
calcaneocuboid l. the lateral part of the bifurcate l.ligamentum calcaneocuboideum [NA];
calcaneofibular l. the middle of the three fascicles that form the lateral collateral l. of the ankle joint, reinforcing the lateral side of the ankle joint; the remaining two l.'s of the lateral collateral l.'s are the anterior and posterior talofibular l.'s.ligamentum calcaneofibulare [NA];
calcaneonavicular l. the medial part of the l. bifurcatum.ligamentum calcaneonaviculare [NA];
calcaneotibial l. tibiocalcaneal l See also deltoid l.
Caldani's l. coracoclavicular l
Campbell's l. suspensory l. of axilla
Camper's l. inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
capsular l. thickened portions of the fibrous membrane of an articular capsule.ligamentum capsulare;
cardinal l. a fibrous band attached to the uterine cervix and the vault of the lateral fornix of the vagina; continuous with the tissue ensheathing the pelvic vessels.cervical l. of uterus, ligamentum transversale colli, Mackenrodt's l;
caroticoclinoid l. the l. that connects the anterior to the middle clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.
carpometacarpal l.'s the l.'s uniting the metacarpal and carpal bones.ligamenta carpometacarpalia [NA];
caudal l. caudal retinaculum
ceratocricoid l. ligamentum ceratocricoideum
cervical l. of uterus cardinal l
check l.'s of eyeball, medial and lateral expansions of the sheaths of the medial and lateral rectus muscles of the eyeball which are attached, respectively, to the lacrimal bone and to the orbital tubercle of the zygomatic bone; they serve to prevent overaction of these muscles.
check l.'s of odontoid alar l.'s (1)
chondroxiphoid l. costoxiphoid l
ciliary l. ciliary muscle
Civinini's l. pterygospinous l
Clado's l. a mesenteric fold running from the broad l. on the right side to the appendix.
collateral l. one of a number of l.'s on either side of, and serving as a radius of movement of, a joint having a hingelike movement; they occur at the following joints: elbow, knee, wrist, and the metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet.ligamentum collaterale [NA];
Colles' l. reflected inguinal l
conjugate l. a l. in some mammals which is the homologue of the intra-articular l. present in the joints between the heads of the ribs and the vertebrae.ligamentum conjugale;
conoid l. the medial part of the coracoclavicular l. that attaches to the conoid tubercle of the clavicle.ligamentum conoideum [NA];
Cooper's l.'s 1. suspensory l.'s of breast 2. pectineal l 3. transverse l. of elbow
coracoacromial l. the heavy arched fibrous band that passes between the coracoid process and the acromion above the shoulder joint; the osseofibrous arch thus formed prevents upward dislocation of the shoulder (glanohumeral) joint.ligamentum coracoacromiale [NA];
coracoclavicular l. the strong l. that unites the clavicle to the coracoid process; it is subdivided into the conoid ligamentum and the trapezoid ligamentum. The free upper limb is passively suspended from the clavicular "strut" by the coracoclavicular l.; the l. also plays an important role in preventing dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint.ligamentum coracoclaviculare [NA], Caldani's l;
coracohumeral l. the l. that passes from the base of the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of the humerus.ligamentum coracohumerale [NA];
corniculopharyngeal l. cricopharyngeal l
coronary l. of knee portions of the articular capsule of the knee joint which connect the circumference of the menisci with the margins of the condyles of the tibia.
coronary l. of liver peritoneal reflections from the liver to the diaphragm at the margins of the bare area of the liver.ligamentum coronarium hepatis [NA];
costoclavicular l. the l. that connects the first rib and the clavicle near its sternal end; limits elavation of shoulder (at sternoclavicular joint).ligamentum costoclaviculare [NA], rhomboid l;
costocolic l. phrenicocolic l
costotransverse l. the l. that connects the dorsal aspect of the neck of a rib to the ventral aspect of the corresponding transverse process.ligamentum costotransversarium [NA], ligamentum colli costae, middle costotransverse l;
costoxiphoid l. the l. that connects the xiphoid process to the seventh, and often to the sixth, costal cartilages.ligamentum costoxiphoideum [NA], chondroxiphoid l;
cotyloid l. acetabular labrum
Cowper's l. the part of the fascia lata which is anterior to and provides origin for fibers of the pectineus muscle.
cricopharyngeal l. an elastic band connecting the tip of the corniculate (Santorini's) cartilage and the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and continuing into the pharyngeal mucosa covering the cricoid lamina.ligamentum cricopharyngeum [NA], corniculopharyngeal l., cricosantorinian l., jugal l., ligamentum corniculopharyngeum, ligamentum jugale;
cricosantorinian l. cricopharyngeal l
cricothyroid l. the strong band that connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilages in the midline anteriorly; it is continuous posteriorly with the conus elasticus.conus elasticus (2) [NA], ligamentum cricothyroideum [NA];
cricotracheal l. a midline fibrous band connecting the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea.ligamentum cricotracheale [NA], cricotracheal membrane;
crucial l. 1. See inferior extensor retinaculum, superior extensor retinaculum. 2. cruciate l.'s of knee 3. cruciform l. of atlas 4. cruciform part of fibrous digital sheath
cruciate l. of the atlas cruciform l. of atlas
cruciate l.'s of knee the two l.'s which pass from the intercondylar area of the tibia to the intercondylar fossa of the femur. See anterior cruciate l., posterior cruciate l.ligamenta cruciata genus [NA], crucial l. (2);
cruciate l. of leg inferior extensor retinaculum
cruciform l. of atlas the strong l. that lies posterior to the dens of the axis holding it against the anterior arch of the atlas; it consists primarily of the transverse l. of the atlas that forms the cross-bar of the cross and is most important functionally, and longitudinal bands of the cruciform l., forming the upright or vertical beams of the cross.ligamentum cruciforme atlantis [NA], crucial l. (3), cruciate l. of the atlas, ligamentum cruciatum atlantis;
Cruveilhier's l.'s plantar l.'s
cuboideonavicular l.'s l. uniting the cuboid bone with the navicular bone. See dorsal cuboideonavicular l., plantar cuboideonavicular l.ligamentum cuboideonavicular [NA];
cuneocuboid l.'s ligament uniting the lateral cuneiform bone with the cuboid bone. See dorsal cuneocuboid l., interosseous cuneocuboid l., plantar cuneocuboid l.ligamentum cuneocuboidenum [NA];
cuneonavicular l.'s See dorsal cuneonavicular l.'s, plantar cuneonavicular l.'s.
cystoduodenal l. a peritoneal fold that sometimes passes from the gallbladder to the first part of the duodenum.
deep dorsal sacrococcygeal l. the continuation of the posterior longitudinal l. uniting the sacrum and coccyx.ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius profundum [NA], deep posterior sacrococcygeal l;
deep posterior sacrococcygeal l. deep dorsal sacrococcygeal l
deep transverse metacarpal l. the l. that interconnects the palmar surface of the heads of the second to fifth metacarpals, being continuous with the palmar l.'s on palmar plates; it lies in the plane of the palmar interosseous fascia.ligamentum metacarpale transversum profundum [NA], transverse metacarpal l;
deep transverse metatarsal l. the l. that interconnects the plantar surface of the heads of the metatarsals, being continuous with the plantar l.'s.ligamentum metatarsale transversum profundum [NA], transverse metatarsal l;
deltoid l. compound l. consisting of four component l.'s which pass downward from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the tarsal bones: 1) tibionavicular l. (pars tibionavicularis [NA]), 2) tibiocalcaneal l. (pars tibiocalcanea [NA]), 3) anterior tibiotalar l. (pars tibiotalaris anterior [NA]), and 4) posterior tibiotalar l. (pars tibiotalaris posterior [NA]).ligamentum mediale articulationis talocruralis [NA], ligamentum deltoideum, medial l. of talocrural joint;
Denonvilliers' l. puboprostatic l
dentate l. of spinal cord rarely used variation on the spelling of denticulate l.
denticulate l. a serrated, shelflike extension of the spinal pia mater projecting in a frontal plane from either side of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord; its 21 pointed processes fuse laterally with the arachnoid and dura mater midway between the exits of the roots of adjacent spinal nerves.ligamentum denticulatum [NA];
Denucé's l. quadrate l
diaphragmatic l. of the mesonephros the segment of the urogenital ridge that extends from the mesonephros to the diaphragm; becomes the suspensory l. of the ovary.urogenital mesentery;
dorsal calcaneocuboid l. See bifurcate l.
dorsal carpal l. extensor retinaculum
dorsal carpometacarpal l.'s fibrous bands that connect the dorsal surfaces of the carpal and metacarpal bones.ligamentum carpometacarpalia dorsalia;
dorsal cuboideonavicular l. the l. that unites the dorsal surfaces of the cuboid and navicular bones of the tarsus.ligamentum cuboideonaviculare dorsale [NA];
dorsal cuneocuboid l. the fibrous band that unites the dorsal margins of the lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones.ligamentum cuneocuboideum dorsale [NA];
dorsal cuneonavicular l.'s several l.'s connecting the dorsal surface of the navicular with the three cuneiform bones.ligamenta cuneonavicularia dorsalia;
dorsal metacarpal l.'s fibrous bands connecting the dorsal aspects of the bases of metacarpals two to five.ligamenta metacarpalia dorsalia;
dorsal metatarsal l.'s fibrous bands that connect the dorsal aspects of the bases of the metatarsals.ligamenta metatarsalia dorsalia;
dorsal radiocarpal l. the l. that extends from the distal end of the radius posteriorly to the proximal row of carpal bones.ligamentum radiocarpale dorsale [NA];
dorsal sacroiliac l.'s posterior sacroiliac l.'s
dorsal talonavicular l. the broad band that passes from the dorsal side of the neck of the talus to the dorsal surface of the navicular bone.ligamentum talonaviculare [NA], talonavicular l;
duodenorenal l. a fold of peritoneum occasionally passing from the termination of the hepatoduodenal l. to the front of the right kidney.ligamentum duodenorenale;
l. of epididymis one of two folds (superior and inferior) of the tunica vaginalis between the epididymis and the testis.ligamentum epididymidis [NA];
epihyal l. stylohyoid l
external collateral l. of wrist radial collateral l. of wrist
extracapsular l.'s l.'s associated with a synovial joint but separate from and external to its articular capsule.ligamenta extracapsularia [NA];
falciform l. falciform process
falciform l. of liver a crescentic fold of peritoneum extending to the surface of the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall; the round ligament lies in its free inferior border, derivative of embryonic ventral mesogastrium.ligamentum falciforme hepatis [NA];
fallopian l. inguinal l
Ferrein's l. lateral temporomandibular l
fibular collateral l. the cordlike l. that passes from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula.ligamentum collaterale fibulare [NA], lateral l. of knee, Winslow's l;
fibular collateral l. of ankle lateral collateral l. of ankle
Flood's l. a band of the coracohumeral ligament, attached to the lower part of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus.
fundiform l. of foot Retzius' l
fundiform l. of penis a band of elastic fibers of the superficial fascial layer that extends from the linea alba above the pubic symphysis splitting to surround the penis before attaching to the fascia of the penis.ligamentum fundiforme penis [NA];
gastrocolic l. the major, apron-like portion of the greater omentum that extends between the stomach and the transverse colon.ligamentum gastrocolicum [NA];
gastrodiaphragmatic l. gastrophrenic l
gastrolienal l. gastrosplenic l
gastrophrenic l. the portion of the greater omentum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.ligamentum gastrophrenicum [NA], gastrodiaphragmatic l., phrenogastric l;
gastrosplenic l. the portion of the greater omentum that lies between the greater curvature of the stomach and the hilum of the spleen.ligamentum gastrosplenicum [NA], ligamentum gastrolienale [NA], gastrolienal l., gastrosplenic omentum;
genital l. an embryonic mesenchymatous band providing support for the internal genitalia.suspensory l. of gonad;
genitoinguinal l. in the fetus, a fold of the mesorchium containing the gubernaculum testis.ligamentum genitoinguinale [NA], plica gubernatrix;
Gerdy's l. suspensory l. of axilla
Gillette's suspensory l. cricoesophageal tendon
Gimbernat's l. lacunar l
gingivodental l. periodontal l
glenohumeral l.'s three fibrous bands that reinforce the anterior part of the articular capsule of the shoulder joint; they are in continuity with the glenoid labrum at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and blend with the fibrous capsule as it attaches to the anatomic neck of the humerus.ligamenta glenohumeralia [NA];
glenoid l. 1. glenoid labrum 2. plantar l.'s
glossoepiglottic l. an elastic ligamentous band passing from the base of the tongue to the epiglottis in the middle glossoepiglottic fold.
Günz' l. a portion of the superficial layer of the obturator membrane.
hammock l. the part of the periodontium below the growing end of the root of the tooth.
l. of head of femur a flattened l. that passes from the fovea in the head of the femur to the borders of the acetabular notch (transverse acetabular l.); developmentally, an artery passes to the head of the femur with the l. which may or may not persist into adulthood; the l. does not contribute to the integrity of the joint or control movements there.ligamentum capitis femoris [NA], ligamentum teres femoris, round l. of femur;
Helmholtz' axis l. a l. forming the axis about which the malleus rotates; it consists of two portions extending from the anterior and the posterior border, respectively, of the tympanic notch to the malleus.axis l. of malleus;
Hensing's l. the left superior colic l.; a small serous horizontal or oblique fold sometimes found extending between the upper end of the descending colon and the abdominal wall. See phrenicocolic l.
hepatocolic l. an inconstant extension of the hepatoduodenal l. to the transverse colon.ligamentum hepatocolicum [NA];
hepatoduodenal l. the portion of the lesser omentum that connects the liver and duodenum.ligamentum hepatoduodenale [NA];
hepatoesophageal l. the part of the lesser omentum that extends between the liver and the abdominal part of the esophagus.ligamentum hepatoesophageum;
hepatogastric l. the part of the lesser omentum that extends between the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach.ligamentum hepatogastricum [NA];
hepatorenal l. a prolongation of the coronary l. downward over the right kidney.ligamentum hepatorenale [NA];
Hesselbach's l. interfoveolar l
Hey's ligament superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening
Holl's l. l. joining the corpora cavernosa clitoridis in front of the urinary meatus.
Hueck's l. trabecular reticulum
Humphry's l. anterior meniscofemoral l
Hunter's l. round l. of uterus
hyalocapsular l. attachment of the vitreous body to the posterior surface of the lens of the eye.ligamentum hyaloideo-capsulario;
hyoepiglottic l. a short elastic band that unites the epiglottis to the upper border of the hyoid bone.ligamentum hyoepiglotticum [NA];
hypsiloid l. iliofemoral l
iliofemoral l. a triangular l. attached by its apex to the anterior inferior spine of the ilium and rim of the acetabulum, and by its base to the anterior intertrochanteric line of the femur; the strong medial band is attached to the lower part of the intertrochanteric line; the strong lateral part is fixed to the tubercle at the upper part of this line; the bands diverge, forming a Y-like figure with a weak area between; among the strongest of the body's l.'s, it limits extension at the hip joint.ligamentum iliofemorale [NA], Bertin's l., Bigelow's l., hypsiloid l., Y-shaped l;
iliolumbar l. the strong l. that connects the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae with the ilium, spanning the "notch" between the vertebral column and the wing of the ileum.ligamentum iliolumbale [NA];
iliopectineal l. iliopectineal arch
iliotrochanteric l. the lateral strong band of the Y-shaped iliofemoral l.; it is attached below to the tubercle at the upper part of the intertrochanteric line.
inferior calcaneonavicular l. plantar calcaneonavicular l
inferior l. of epididymis the lower of the folds of the tunica vaginalis between the body of the epididymis and the testis.ligamentum epididymidis inferius;
inferior pubic l. arcuate pubic l
inferior transverse scapular l. an inconstant fibrous band that passes from the lateral border of the spine of the scapula to the posterior margin of the glenoid cavity.ligamentum transversum scapulae inferius [NA], spinoglenoid l;
infundibulo-ovarian l. ovarian fimbria
infundibulopelvic l. suspensory l. of ovary
inguinal l. a fibrous band formed by the thickened inferior border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique that extends from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle bridging, muscular and vascular lacunae;forms the floor of the inguinal canal; gives origin to the lowermost fibers of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. See also aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle.ligamentum inguinale [NA], arcus inguinalis [NA], crural arch, fallopian arch, fallopian l., femoral arch, Poupart's l;
inguinal l. of the kidney the segment of the mesonephros extending to the inguinal region.
intercapital l. ligamentum intercapitale
intercarpal l.'s three sets of short fibrous bands that bind together the two rows of carpal bones; according to their location they are named dorsal intercarpal l. (ligamentum intercarpalia dorsalia), interosseous intercarpal l. (ligamentum intercarpalia interossea), and palmar intercarpal l. (ligamentum intercarpalia palmaria).ligamenta intercarpalia [NA];
interclavicular l. a strong l. that connects the two sternoclavicular joints across the upper border of the manubrium.ligamentum interclaviculare [NA];
interclinoid l. a band of dura mater connecting the anterior and posterior clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone; may become ossified.
intercornual l. lateral sacrococcygeal l
intercostal l.'s intercostal membranes, under membrane
intercuneiform l.'s fibrous bands that unite the cuneiform bones; they are arranged in three sets: dorsal intercuneiform l. (ligamentum intercuneiformia dorsalia), interosseous intercuneiform l. (ligamentum intercuneiformia interossea), and plantar intercuneiform l. (ligamentum intercuneiformia plantaria).ligamenta intercuneiformia [NA];
interfoveolar l. fibrous or muscular strands that lie medial to the deep inguinal ring, extending from the lower border of the transversus muscle to the lacunar l. and pectineal fascia.ligamentum interfoveolare [NA], Hesselbach's l;
internal collateral l. of the wrist ulnar collateral l. of wrist
interosseous cuneocuboid l. the fibrous band that unites adjacent margins of the distal end of the lateral cuneiform and cuboid bones.ligamentum cuneocuboideum interosseum [NA];
interosseous cuneometatarsal l.'s l.'s that pass from the cuneiform bones to the metatarsals, the one from the first cuneiform to the second metatarsal being the strongest.ligamenta cuneometatarsalia interossea [NA], Lisfranc's l.'s;
interosseous metacarpal l.'s fibrous bands connecting the bases of metacarpals two to five; they extend between the dorsal and palmar metacarpal ligaments.ligamenta metacarpalia interossea;
interosseous metatarsal l.'s fibrous bands that connect the bases of the metatarsals; they extend between the dorsal and plantar metatarsal ligaments.ligamenta metatarsalia interossea;
interosseous sacroiliac l.'s short obliquely directed fibrous bands that pass between the sacrum and ilium in the narrow cleft behind the auricular surfaces of these bones.ligamenta sacroiliaca interossea [NA];
interosseous talocalcaneal l. a strong fibrous band occupying the tarsal sinus.ligamentum talocalcaneare interosseum;
interosseous tibiofibular l. transverse tibiofibular l
interspinous l. bands of fibrous tissue that connect the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae.ligamentum interspinale [NA];
intertransverse l. one of the ligaments that connect the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.ligamentum intertransversarium [NA];
intra-articular l. of costal head transverse fibers extending within the capsule from the ridge between the two facets on the head of the rib to the intervertebral disk.ligamentum capitis costae intra-articulare [NA];
intra-articular sternocostal l. a l. within the articular capsule between a costal cartilage and the sternum; especially well developed at second costal cartilage.ligamentum sternocostale intra-articulare [NA];
intracapsular l.'s ligaments located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.ligamenta intracapsularia [NA];
ischiocapsular l. ischiofemoral l
ischiofemoral l. the thickened part of the capsule of the hip joint that passes from the ischium upward and laterally over the femoral neck; some of its fibers continue into the zona orbicularis.ligamentum ischiofemorale [NA], ischiocapsular l., ligamentum ischiocapsulare;
Jarjavay's l. sacrouterine fold
jugal l. cricopharyngeal l
Krause's l. transverse perineal l
laciniate l. flexor retinaculum of lower limb
lacunar l. a curved fibrous band that passes horizontally backward from the medial end of the inguinal l. to the pectineal line; it forms the medial boundary of the femoral ring. See also aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle.ligamentum lacunare [NA], Gimbernat's l;
Lannelongue's l.'s sternopericardial l
lateral arcuate l. one of Haller's arches; a thickening of the fascia of the quadratus lumborum muscle between the transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra and the twelfth rib on either side that gives attachment to a portion of the diaphragm.ligamentum arcuatum laterale [NA], arcus lumbocostalis lateralis, lateral lumbocostal arch;
lateral l.'s of the bladder condensations of fibroareolar tissue which pass one from each side of the bladder to blend with the pelvic fascia; smooth muscle is usually present in this tissue and is referred to as the musculus rectovesicalis.
lateral collateral l. of ankle the calcaneofibular l., anterior talofibular l., and posterior talofibular l. together maintaining the integrity of the lateral aspect of the talocrural joint.fibular collateral l. of ankle;
lateral costotransverse l. the short quadrangular l., actually a thickening of the posterior aspect of the costotransverse joint, extending from the tip of the transverse process to the posterior surface of the neck of the rib.ligamentum costotransversarium laterale [NA], ligamentum costotransversarium posterius, ligamentum tuberculi costae, posterior costotransverse l;
lateral l. of elbow radial collateral l. of elbow
lateral l. of knee fibular collateral l
lateral malleolar l. See anterior tibiofibular l., posterior tibiofibular l.
lateral l. of malleus a short fan-shaped l. converging from the posterior half of the tympanic notch to the neck of the malleus.ligamentum mallei laterale [NA];
lateral palpebral l. the band that attaches the tarsal plates to the orbital eminence of the zygomatic bone.ligamentum palpebrale laterale [NA], ligamentum palpebrale externum, ligamentum tarsale externum;
lateral puboprostatic l. ligamentum puboprostaticum laterale See puboprostatic l.
lateral sacrococcygeal l. a l. that extends from the lateral inferior margin of the sacrum to the transverse process of the first coccygeal vertebra.ligamentum sacrococcygeum laterale [NA], intercornual l;
lateral talocalcaneal l. a l. extending from the trochlea of the talus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus.ligamentum talocalcaneare laterale;
lateral temporomandibular l. the capsular l. that passes obliquely down and backward across the lateral surface of the temporomandibular joint.ligamentum laterale articulationis temporomandibularis [NA], Ferrein's l., lateral l. of temporomandibular joint, ligamentum temporomandibulare, temporomandibular l;
lateral l. of temporomandibular joint lateral temporomandibular l
lateral thyrohyoid l. thickened elastic bundle connecting the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage to the tip of the greater horn of the hyoid cartilage; forms the posterior border of the thyrohyoid membrane.ligamentum thyrohyoideum laterale [NA], Berry's l.'s, ligamentum hyothyroideum laterale;
lateral umbilical l. ligamentum umbilicale laterale
lateral l. of wrist radial collateral l. of wrist
Lauth's l. transverse l. of the atlas
l. of left superior vena cava the obliterated left common cardinal vein that extends from the left brachiocephalic vein to the oblique vein of the left atrium.
left triangular l. a triangular fold of fibrous connective tissue and peritoneum that extends from the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm.ligamentum triangulare sinistrum [NA];
l. of left vena cava the obliterated left common cardinal vein; it extends from the left brachiocephalic vein to the oblique vein of the left atrium.ligamentum venae cavae sinistrae;
lienophrenic l. splenorenal l
lienorenal l. splenorenal l
Lisfranc's l.'s interosseous cuneometatarsal l.'s
Lockwood's l. suspensory l. of eyeball
longitudinal l. one of two extensive fibrous bands running the length of the vertebral column: the anterior longitudinal l. and the posterior longitudinal l.ligamentum longitudinale [NA];
long plantar l. a strong l. that extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid and lateral metatarsals on the plantar aspect of the foot; part of the passive support system for maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot.ligamentum plantare longum [NA];
lumbocostal l. a strong band that unites the twelfth rib with the tips of the transverse processes of the first and second lumbar vertebrae.ligamentum lumbocostale [NA];
Luschka's l.'s sternopericardial l
Mackenrodt's l. cardinal l
l.'s of malleus See anterior l. of malleus, lateral l. of malleus, superior l. of malleus.
Mauchart's l.'s See alar l.'s.
Meckel's l. Meckel's band
medial l. the bundle of fibers strengthening the medial part of the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint.ligamentum mediale articulationis temporomandibularis [NA];
medial arcuate l. one of Haller's arches; a tendinous thickening of the psoas fascia that extends from the body of the first lumbar vertebra to its transverse process on either side. A portion of the diaphragm arises from it.ligamentum arcuatum mediale [NA], arcus lumbocostalis medialis, medial lumbocostal arch;
medial collateral l. of elbow ulnar collateral l. of elbow
medial l. of knee tibial collateral l
medial palpebral l. the fibrous band that attaches the medial ends of the tarsal plates to the maxilla at the medial orbital margin.ligamentum palpebrale mediale [NA], ligamentum tarsale internum, tendo oculi, tendo palpebrarum;
medial puboprostatic l. ligamentum puboprostaticum mediale See puboprostatic l.
medial talocalcaneal l. a l. extending from the medial tuberosity of the posterior talar process and the sustentaculum tali.ligamentum talocalcaneare mediale;
medial l. of talocrural joint deltoid l
medial umbilical l. the obliterated umbilical artery that persists as a fibrous cord passing upward alongside the bladder to the umbilicus.ligamentum umbilicale mediale [NA];
medial l. of wrist ulnar collateral l. of wrist
median arcuate l. a tendinous connection between the crura of the diaphragm that arches over the aorta, forming the anterosuperior margin of the aortic hiatus.ligamentum arcuatum medianum [NA];
median thyrohyoid l. the central thickened portion of the thyrohyoid membrane.ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum [NA], ligamentum hyothyroideum medium;
median umbilical l. the remnant of the urachus, contained in the median umbilical fold; it persists as a midline fibrous cord between the apex of the bladder and the umbilicus.ligamentum umbilicale medianum [NA], middle umbilical l., urachal l;
meniscofemoral l.'s one of two l.'s that extend from the posterior part of the lateral meniscus to the lateral surface of the medial meniscus: anterior meniscofemoral l. and posterior meniscofemoral l.ligamenta meniscofemorale [NA];
middle costotransverse l. costotransverse l
middle umbilical l. median umbilical l
nuchal l. ligamentum nuchae
oblique l. of elbow joint a slender band extending from the lateral part of the coronoid process of the ulna distad and laterad to the radius immediately distal to the bicipital tuberosity.chorda obliqua [NA], oblique cord, round l. of elbow joint, Weitbrecht's cord, Weitbrecht's l;
oblique popliteal l. reflected tendon of insertion of semimembranous muscle; a fibrous band that extends across the back of the knee from its separation from the direct tendon of insertion on the medial condyle of the tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur.ligamentum popliteum obliquum [NA], Bourgery's l;
occipitoaxial l.'s l.'s connecting the axis with the occipital bone. See alar l.'s, apical l. of dens.
odontoid l. alar folds, under fold
orbicular l. annular l
orbicular l. of radius annular l. of the radius
ovarian l. a cordlike bundle of fibers passing to the side of the uterus from the lower end of the ovary, between the folds of the broad l. (mesovarium).ligamentum ovarii proprium [NA], proper l. of ovary;
palmar l.'s the fibrocartilaginous plates, one located on the anterior aspect of each metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint, that are firmly attached to the bases of the phalanges and the heads of the next proximal bones; they are grooved to accommodate the long flexor tendons.ligamenta palmaria [NA], accessory volar l.'s;
palmar carpal l. antebrachial flexor retinaculum
palmar carpometacarpal l.'s fibrous bands that connect the palmar surfaces of the carpal and metacarpal bones.ligamentum carpometacarpalia palmaria;
palmar metacarpal l.'s fibrous bands connecting the palmar aspects of the bases of metacarpals two to five.ligamenta metacarpalia palmaria;
palmar radiocarpal l. a strong l. that passes from the distal end of the radius to the proximal row of carpal bones on the anterior surface of the wrist joint.ligamentum radiocarpale palmare [NA];
palmar ulnocarpal l. the fibrous band that passes from the ulnar styloid process to the carpal bones.ligamentum ulnocarpale palmare [NA];
patellar l. a strong flattened fibrous band passing from the apex and adjoining margins of the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia; considered by some to be part of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, in which the patella is embedded as a sesamoid bone.ligamentum patellae [NA];
pectinate l.'s of iridocorneal angle trabecular reticulum
pectinate l.'s of iris See trabecular reticulum.
pectineal l. a thick, strong fibrous band that passes laterally from the lacunar l. along the pectineal line of the pubis. See also aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle.ligamentum pectineale [NA], Cooper's l.'s (2);
peridental l. periodontal l
periodontal l. the connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and attaches it to its bony socket; it consists of fibers anchored in the cementum and extending into the alveolar bone; the tissues that surround and support the teeth, including the gingivae, cementum, periodontal l., and alveolar and supporting bone.periodontium [NA], alveolar periosteum, periosteum alveolare, alveolodental l., alveolodental membrane, gingivodental l., paradentium, parodontium, peridental l., peridental membrane, peridentium, periodontal membrane, tapetum alveoli;
Petit's l. sacrouterine fold
phrenicocolic l. a triangular fold of peritoneum attached to the left flexure of the colon and to the diaphragm, on which rests the inferior pole or extremity of the spleen.ligamentum phrenicocolicum [NA], costocolic l;
phrenicolienal l. splenorenal l
phrenicosplenic l. splenorenal l
phrenogastric l. gastrophrenic l
phrenosplenic l. splenorenal l
pisohamate l. a strong fibrous band that extends from the pisiform bone to the hook of the hamate.ligamentum pisohamatum [NA], pisounciform l., pisouncinate l;
pisometacarpal l. a strong fibrous band extending from the pisiform bone to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone; this l., together with the pisohamate l., forms the tendon of insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris, in which the pisiform bone is like a sesamoid bone.ligamentum pisometacarpeum [NA];
pisounciform l. pisohamate l
pisouncinate l. pisohamate l
plantar l.'s the counterparts in the foot of the palmar l.'s in the hand.ligamenta plantaria [NA], accessory plantar l.'s, Cruveilhier's l.'s, glenoid l. (2);
plantar calcaneocuboid l. a strong band that passes forward and medially from the plantar surface of the calcaneus to the cuboid bone, actually forming a part of the articular "socket."ligamentum calcaneocuboideum plantare [NA];
plantar calcaneonavicular l. a dense fibroelastic l. that extends from the sustentaculum tali to the plantar surface of the navicular bone; it supports the head of the talus.ligamentum calcaneonaviculare plantare [NA], inferior calcaneonavicular l., spring l;
plantar cuboideonavicular l. the l. that unites the plantar surfaces of the cuboid and navicular bones of the tarsus.ligamentum cuboideonaviculare plantare [NA];
plantar cuneocuboid l. the fibrous band that unites the apex of the lateral cuneiform with the medial margin of the plantar suface of the cuboid.ligamentum cuneocuboideum plantare [NA];
plantar cuneonavicular l.'s l.'s connecting the plantar surface of the navicular with the three cuneiform bones.ligamenta cuneonavicularia plantaria;
plantar metatarsal l.'s fibrous bands connecting the plantar aspects of the bases of the metatarsals.ligamenta metatarsalia plantaria;
posterior costotransverse l. lateral costotransverse l
posterior cricoarytenoid l. the l. that passes downward from the posterior border of the arytenoid cartilage to the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.ligamentum cricoarytenoideum posterius [NA];
posterior cruciate l. the strong fibrous cord that extends from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur.ligamentum cruciatum posterius [NA];
posterior l. of head of fibula a l. uniting the posterior part of the head of the fibula to the tibia.ligamentum capitis fibulae posterius;
posterior l. of incus ligamentous band extending from short crus of fincus.ligamentum incudis posterius;
posterior l. of knee arcuate popliteal l
posterior longitudinal l. the fibrous band interconnecting the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies; it narrows to pass between the pedicles and spreads out to blend with the posterior annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs; forms the anterior wall of the vertebral canal.ligamentum longitudinale posterius;
posterior meniscofemoral l. the band that passes posterior to the posterior cruciate l. extending between the medial condyle of the femur and the posterior crus of the lateral meniscus.ligamentum meniscofemorale posterius [NA], ligamentum cruciatum tertium genus, ligamentum menisci lateralis, Wrisberg's l;
posterior occipitoaxial l. tectorial membrane
posterior sacroiliac l.'s the heavy fibrous bands that pass from the ilium to the sacrum posterior to the sacroiliac joint.ligamenta sacroiliaca posteriora [NA], dorsal sacroiliac l.'s, ligamentum sacroiliacum posterius;
posterior sacrosciatic l. sacrotuberous l
posterior sternoclavicular l. a fibrous band that reinforces the sternoclavicular joint posteriorly.ligamentum sternoclaviculare posterius [NA];
posterior talofibular l. the nearly horizontal fibrous band that extends from the posterior border of the talus to the malleolar fossa.ligamentum talofibulare posterius [NA];
posterior talotibial l. posterior tibiotalar l See also deltoid l.
posterior tibiofibular l. the fibrous band that horizontally crosses the posterior aspect of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, contributing the posterior "wall" of the "socket" which receives the trochlea of the talus.ligamentum tibiofibulare posterius [NA];
posterior tibiotalar l. the part of the medial or deltoid l. that extends from the medial malleolus to the posterior process of the talus.pars tibiotalaris posterior ligamenti medialis [NA], ligamentum talotibiale posterius, posterior talotibial l., posterior tibiotalar part of deltoid ligament;
Poupart's l. inguinal l
proper l. of ovary ovarian l
pterygomandibular l. pterygomandibular raphe
pterygospinal l. pterygospinous l
pterygospinous l. a membranous l. extending from the spine of the sphenoid to the upper part of the posterior border of the lateral pterygoid lamina.ligamentum pterygospinale [NA], Civinini's l., pterygospinal l;
pubocapsular l. pubofemoral l
pubofemoral l. a thickened part of the capsule of the hip joint that extends from the superior ramus of the pubis to the intertrochanteric line of the femur.ligamentum pubofemorale [NA], ligamentum pubocapsulare, pubocapsular l;
puboprostatic l. the localized thickening of the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm anteriorly that anchors the prostate and neck of the bladder to the pubis on each side. It is composed of medial and lateral parts (l.'s) and usually contains smooth muscle.ligamentum puboprostaticum [NA], Denonvilliers' l;
pubovesical l. in the female the fascial thickening comparable to the puboprostatic l.ligamentum pubovesicale [NA];
pulmonary l. two-layered fold formed as the pleura of the mediastinum is reflected onto the lung inferior to the root of the lung.ligamentum pulmonale [NA], ligamentum latum pulmonis, Teutleben's l;
quadrate l. fibers that pass from the distal margin of the radial notch of the ulna to the neck of the radius.ligamentum quadratum [NA], Denucé's l;
radial collateral l. radial collateral l. of elbow
radial collateral l. of elbow the l. that connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus with the annular l. of the radius.ligamentum collaterale radiale [NA], lateral l. of elbow, radial collateral l;
radial collateral l. of wrist the l. that extends distally from the styloid process of the radius to the carpal bones.ligamentum collaterale carpi radiale [NA], external collateral l. of wrist, lateral l. of wrist;
radiate l. radiate l. of head of rib
radiate l. of head of rib the radiate, stellate, or anterior costovertebral l. connecting the head of each rib to the bodies of the two vertebrae with which it articulates.ligamentum capitis costae radiatum [NA], ligamentum radiatum, radiate l., stellate l;
radiate sternocostal l.'s fibers of the articular capsule that radiate from the costal cartilages to the anterior surface of the sternum.ligamenta sternocostalia radiata [NA];
radiate l. of wrist the ligament that extends from the capitate bone to the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum on the palmar side of the wrist.ligamentum carpi radiatum [NA];
reflected inguinal l. a triangular fibrous band extending from the aponeurosis of the external oblique to the pubic tubercle of the opposite side. See also aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle.ligamentum reflexum [NA], Colles' l., fascia triangularis abdominis, reflex l., triangular fascia;
reflex l. reflected inguinal l
Retzius' l. the deep attachment of the inferior extensor retinaculum in the tarsal sinus, it acts as a sling for the extensor tendons of the toes.fundiform l. of foot;
rhomboid l. costoclavicular l
right triangular l. a triangular fold of peritoneum that passes from the right lobe of the liver to the diaphragm; it is a formation of the coronary l., formed as the coronary l. makes an acute angle upon reaching its most lateral point on the right side as it surrounds the bare area of the liver.ligamentum triangulare dextrum [NA];
ring l. zona orbicularis
round l. of elbow joint oblique l. of elbow joint
round l. of femur l. of head of femur
round l. of liver the remains of the umbilical vein running within the free edge of the falciform l. from umbilicus to the liver, where it continues within the fissure for the round l. to the origin of the left portal vein within the porta hepatis.ligamentum teres hepatis [NA];
round l. of uterus a fibromuscular band that is attached to the uterus on either side in front of and below the opening of the uterine tube; it passes through the inguinal canal to the labium majus; corresponds to the spermatic cord of male in that it passes through the inguinal canal and gains similar coverings, but is not homologous.ligamentum teres uteri [NA], Hunter's l;
sacrodural l. a longitudinal bundle of fibrous filaments running from the midline of the inferior part of the dural sac to the posterior longitudinal ligament of the sacrum.ligamentum sacrodurale;
sacrospinous l. the fibrous band that passes from the ischial spine to the sacrum and coccyx.ligamentum sacrospinale [NA], anterior sacrosciatic l., ligamentum sacrospinosum;
sacrotuberous l. the l. that passes from the ischial tuberosity to the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, transforming the scialic notch to a large scialic foramen, which is then further subdivided by the sacrospinous l.ligamentum sacrotuberale [NA], ligamentum sacrotuberosum, posterior sacrosciatic l;
serous l. one of a number of peritoneal folds attaching certain of the viscera to the abdominal wall or to each other.ligamentum serosum;
sheath l.'s See fibrous digital sheaths of hand, under sheath, fibrous digital sheaths of foot, under sheath, fibrous tendon sheath.
Simonart's l.'s amniotic bands, under band
Soemmerring's l. small fibers attaching the lacrimal gland to the periorbita.
sphenomandibular l. the fibrous band that passes from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible; it is a primary passive support of the mandible serving as a "swinging axis", enabling depression and elevation around a transverse axis passing through the two lingulae, while at the same time enabling protraction and retraction.ligamentum sphenomandibulare [NA];
spinoglenoid l. inferior transverse scapular l
spiral l. of cochlea the thickened periosteal lining of the bony cochlea forming the outer wall of the cochlear duct to which the basal lamina attaches.crista spiralis [NA], ligamentum spirale cochleae [NA], spiral crest;
splenorenal l. a peritoneal fold (portion of the greater omentum) which extends from the diaphragm and the anterior aspect of the left kidney to the hilar region of the spleen, conducting the splenic vessels from the posterior body wall to the spleen.ligamentum lienorenale [NA], ligamentum phrenicolienale [NA], ligamentum splenorenale [NA], lienophrenic l., lienorenal l., ligamentum phrenicosplenicum, phrenicolienal l., phrenicosplenic l., phrenosplenic l., sustentaculum lienis;
spring l. plantar calcaneonavicular l
Stanley's cervical l.'s fibers of the capsule of the hip joint reflected onto the neck of the femur.
stellate l. radiate l. of head of rib
sternoclavicular l. l. uniting the clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum. See anterior sternoclavicular l., posterior sternoclavicular l.ligamentum sternoclaviculare [NA];
sternopericardial l. fibrous bands that pass from the pericardium to the sternum.ligamenta sternopericardiaca [NA], Lannelongue's l.'s, Luschka's l.'s;
stylohyoid l. a fibrous cord that passes from the tip of the styloid process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone; it is occasionally ossified.ligamentum stylohyoideum [NA], epihyal l;
stylomandibular l. a condensation of the deep cervical fascia extending from the tip of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the posterior border of the angle of the jaw; blends with parotid sheath.ligamentum stylomandibulare [NA], stylomaxillary l;
stylomaxillary l. stylomandibular l
superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal l. the continuation of the supraspinal l. from the sacrum to the coccyx.ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale [NA], superficial posterior sacrococcygeal l;
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal l. superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal l
superficial transverse metacarpal l. a thickening of the deep fascia in the most distal part of the (base) of the triangular palmar aponeurosis.ligamentum metacarpale transversum superficiale [NA], Gerdy's fibers, ligamentum natatorium;
superficial transverse metatarsal l. a thickening of the distal part (base) of the plantar aponeurosis, at the level of the heads of the metatarsal bones.ligamentum metatarsale transversum superficiale [NA];
superior costotransverse l. the fibrous band that extends upward from the neck of a rib to the transverse process of the next higher vertebra.ligamentum costotransversarium superius [NA], anterior costotransverse l., ligamentum costotransversarium anterius;
superior l. of epididymis the uppermost of the two folds of the tunica vaginalis between the head of the epididymis and the testis.ligamentum epididymidis superius;
superior l. of incus connects the body of the incus with the roof of the tympanic recess.ligamentum incudis superius;
superior l. of malleus a l. extending from the head of the malleus to the roof of the epitympanic recess.ligamentum mallei superius [NA];
superior pubic l. fibers that pass transversely above the pubic symphysis.ligamentum pubicum superius [NA];
superior transverse scapular l. the strong fibrous band that bridges the scapular notch creating a foramen that gives passage to the suprascapular nerve, while the suprascapular vessels pass over the l. superiorly.ligamentum transversum scapulae superius [NA], suprascapular l;
suprascapular l. superior transverse scapular l
supraspinous l. the longitudinal fibrous band attached to the tips of the spinous processes of the vertebrae; in the cervical region it is altered to form the ligamentum nuchae.ligamentum supraspinale [NA];
suspensory l. of axilla the continuation of the clavipectoral fascia downward to attach to the axillary fascia; it maintains the characteristic hollow of the armpit.Campbell's l., Gerdy's l;
suspensory l.'s of breast well developed retinacula cutis that extend from the fibrous stroma of the mammary gland to the overlying skin.ligamenta suspensoria mammae [NA], Cooper's l.'s (1), suspensory l.'s of Cooper;
suspensory l. of clitoris a fibrous band at the deep fascial level that extends from the pubic symphysis to the deep fascia of the clitoris, anchoring the clitoris to the pubic symphysis.ligamentum suspensorium clitoridis [NA];
suspensory l.'s of Cooper suspensory l.'s of breast
suspensory l. of esophagus cricoesophageal tendon
suspensory l. of eyeball a thickening of the inferior part of the bulbar sheath which supports the eye within the orbit; it extends between the lateral and medial orbital margins and includes the medial and lateral check l.'s.Lockwood's l;
suspensory l. of gonad genital l
suspensory l. of lens ciliary zonule
suspensory l. of ovary a band of peritoneum that extends upward from the upper pole of the ovary; it contains the ovarian vessels and ovarian plexus of nerves.ligamentum suspensorium ovarii [NA], infundibulopelvic l;
suspensory l. of penis a fibrous band at the deep fascial layer that extends from the pubic symphysis to the deep fascia of the penis anchoring the roof of the penis.ligamentum suspensorium penis [NA];
suspensory l. of testis the cranial atrophic portion of the urogenital ridge attached to the cranial pole of the intra-abdominal embryonic testis.
suspensory l. of thyroid gland one of several fibrous bands which pass from the sheath of the thyroid gland to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.
sutural l. a delicate membrane binding the bones at the cranial sutures.
synovial l. one of the large synovial folds in a joint.
talocalcaneal l. any of three l.'s uniting the talus and calcaneus: interosseous talocalcaneal l., lateral talocalcaneal l., and medial talocalcaneal l.ligamentum talocalcaneare [NA];
talonavicular l. dorsal talonavicular l
tarsal l.'s the l.'s that interconnect the tarsal bones; they are grouped into three sets: dorsal tarsal l.'s, interosseous tarsal l.'s, and plantar tarsal l.'s, and are individually named according to their attachments.ligamenta tarsi [NA];
tarsometatarsal l.'s the ligaments that unite tarsal and metatarsal bones; they are arranged in dorsal, interosseous, and plantar sets.ligamenta tarsometatarsalia [NA];
temporomandibular l. lateral temporomandibular l
Teutleben's l. pulmonary l
Thompson's l. iliopubic tract
thyroepiglottic l. , thyroepiglottidean l. an elastic band that connects the petiole of the epiglottis to the interior of the thyroid cartilage near the superior thyroid notch.ligamentum thyroepiglotticum [NA];
tibial collateral l. the broad fibrous band that passes from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial margin and medial surface of the tibia; the medial meniscus is attached to its deep surface; it is continuous with (a thickening of) the fibrous capsule of the knee joint.ligamentum collaterale tibiale [NA], medial l. of knee;
tibiocalcaneal l. the part of the medial or deltoid l. that extends from the medial malleolus to the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.pars tibiocalcanea ligamenti medialis [NA], calcaneotibial l., ligamentum calcaneotibiale, tibiocalcaneal part of deltoid ligament;
tibiofibular l. See anterior tibiofibular l., interosseous membrane of leg, posterior tibiofibular l. See also tibiofibular syndesmosis.
tibionavicular l. the part of the medial or deltoid l. that extends from the medial malleolus to the navicular bone. See also deltoid l.pars tibionavicularis ligamenti medialis [NA], ligamentum tibionaviculare, tibionavicular part of deltoid ligament;
transverse l. of acetabulum portion of the acetabular labrum that passes across the acetabular notch.ligamentum transversum acetabuli [NA];
transverse atlantal l. transverse l. of the atlas
transverse l. of the atlas thick, strong, centrally flattened band spanning the vertebral foramen of the atlas as it extends from the medial aspect of one lateral mass to the other, passing dorsal to the dens with which it articulates; it forms the dorsal portion of the opening for the dens, tightly embracing its neck. It forms a part of the "cross-bar" of the cruciform l. of the atlas. See also cruciform l. of atlas.ligamentum transversum atlantis [NA], Lauth's l., transverse atlantal l;
transverse carpal l. a strong fibrous band crossing the front of the carpus and binding down the flexor tendons of the digits and the flexor carpi radialis tendon and the median nerve; in so doing it creates the carpal tunnel.retinaculum flexorum [NA], deep part of flexor retinaculum, flexor retinaculum, ligamentum carpi transversum, ligamentum carpi volare, volar carpal l;
transverse crural l. superior extensor retinaculum
transverse l. of elbow a bundle of fibers running from the olecranon to the coronoid process in association with the ulnar collateral l.Cooper's l.'s (3);
transverse genicular l. transverse l. of knee
transverse humeral l. a fibrous band running more or less obliquely from the greater to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus, bridging over the bicipital groove.Brodie's l;
transverse l. of knee a transverse band that passes between the lateral and medial menisci in the anterior part of the knee joint.ligamentum transversum genus [NA], transverse genicular l;
transverse l. of leg superior extensor retinaculum
transverse metacarpal l. deep transverse metacarpal l
transverse metatarsal l. deep transverse metatarsal l
transverse l. of pelvis transverse perineal l
transverse perineal l. the thickened anterior border of the urogenital diaphragm, formed by the fusion of its two fascial layers.ligamentum transversum perinei [NA], Krause's l., ligamentum transversum pelvis, transverse l. of pelvis, transverse l. of perineum;
transverse l. of perineum transverse perineal l
transverse tibiofibular l. the distal continuation of the interosseous membrane forming a strong l. that unites the distal end of the tibia and fibula; it lies deep to the posterior tibiofibular l.interosseous tibiofibular l;
trapezoid l. the lateral part of the coracoclavicular l. that attaches to the trapezoid line of the clavicle.ligamentum trapezoideum [NA];
Treitz's l. suspensory muscle of duodenum
triangular l. inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
triangular l.'s of liver See right triangular l., left triangular l.
ulnar collateral l. ulnar collateral l. of elbow
ulnar collateral l. of elbow the triangular l. extending from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial side of the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna.ligamentum collaterale ulnare [NA], medial collateral l. of elbow, ulnar collateral l;
ulnar collateral l. of wrist a l. that passes from the styloid process of the ulna to the pisiform and triquetrum.ligamentum collaterale carpi ulnare [NA], internal collateral l. of the wrist, medial l. of wrist;
urachal l. median umbilical l
uterosacral l. sacrouterine fold
uterovesical l. a peritoneal fold extending from the uterus to the posterior portion of the bladder.plica uterovesicalis, plica vesicouterina, uterovesical fold, vesicouterine l;
Valsalva's l.'s auricular l.'s
venous l. ligamentum venosum
ventral sacrococcygeal l. the continuation of the anterior longitudinal l. uniting the sacrum and coccyx.ligamentum sacrococcygeum anterius [NA], anterior sacrococcygeal l;
ventral sacroiliac l.'s anterior sacroiliac l.'s
ventricular l. vestibular l
vertebropelvic l.'s See iliolumbar l., sacrospinous l., sacrotuberous l.
vesicoumbilical l. one of the l.'s between the urinary bladder and the umbilicus. See median umbilical l., medial umbilical l.
vesicouterine l. uterovesical l
vestibular l. the thin fibrous layer that lies in the ventricular fold of the larynx.ligamentum vestibulare [NA], ligamentum ventriculare, ventricular l;
vocal l. the band that extends on either side from the thyroid cartilage to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage; it is the thickened, free upper border of the conus elasticus of the larynx.ligamentum vocale [NA];
volar carpal l. transverse carpal l
Weitbrecht's l. oblique l. of elbow joint
Winslow's l. fibular collateral l
Wrisberg's l. posterior meniscofemoral l
yellow l. ligamentum flavum
Y-shaped l. iliofemoral l
Zaglas' l. a short thick fibrous band extending from the posterior superior spine of the ilium to the second transverse tubercle of the sacrum.
Zinn's l. common tendinous ring

ligamenta ligamenta (lig´a-men´ta)

Plural of ligamentum. [L.]

ligamentopexis ligamentopexis , ligamentopexy (lig´a-men-to-pek´sis, -pek´se)

Shortening of any ligament of the uterus. [ligament + G. pexis, fixation]

ligamentous ligamentous (lig´a-men´tus)

Relating to or of the form or structure of a ligament.

ligamentum ligamentum, pl. ligamenta (lig´a-men´tum, -men´ta) [NA]

ligament [L. a band, tie, fr. ligo, to bind]
l. acromioclavicula´re [NA] acromioclavicular ligament
ligamen´ta ala´ria [NA] alar folds, under fold
l. annula´re annular ligament
l. annula´re bul´bi trabecular reticulum
l. annula´re digito´rum annular part of fibrous digital sheath
l. annula´re ra´dii [NA] annular ligament of the radius
l. annula´re stape´dis [NA] annular ligament of the stapes
ligamen´ta annula´ria trachea´lia [NA] annular ligaments of the trachea, under ligament
l. anococcy´geum [NA] anococcygeal ligament
l. ap´icis den´tis [NA] apical ligament of dens
l. arcua´tum latera´le [NA] lateral arcuate ligament
l. arcua´tum media´le [NA] medial arcuate ligament
l. arcua´tum media´num [NA] median arcuate ligament
l. arcua´tum pu´bis [NA] arcuate pubic ligament
l. arterio´sum [NA] the remains of the ductus arteriosus.arterial ligament, Botallo's ligament;
ligamen´ta auricula´ria [NA] auricular ligaments, under ligament
l. bifurca´tum [NA] bifurcate ligament
l. calcaneocuboi´deum [NA] calcaneocuboid ligament
l. calcaneocuboi´deum planta´re [NA] plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
l. calcaneofibula´re [NA] calcaneofibular ligament
l. calcaneonavicula´re [NA] calcaneonavicular ligament
l. calcaneonavicula´re planta´re [NA] plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
l. calcaneotibia´le tibiocalcaneal ligament See also deltoid ligament.
l. cap´itis cos´tae intra-articula´re [NA] intra-articular ligament of costal head
l. cap´itis cos´tae radia´tum [NA] radiate ligament of head of rib
l. cap´itis fem´oris [NA] ligament of head of femur
l. cap´itis fib´ulae ante´rius anterior ligament of head of fibula
l. cap´itis fib´ulae poste´rius posterior ligament of head of fibula
ligamen´ta capitulo´rum transver´sa See deep transverse metacarpal ligament, deep transverse metatarsal ligament.
l. capsula´re capsular ligament
l. car´pi dorsa´le extensor retinaculum
l. car´pi radia´tum [NA] radiate ligament of wrist
l. car´pi transver´sum transverse carpal ligament
l. car´pi vola´re transverse carpal ligament
ligamen´ta carpometacarpa´lia [NA] carpometacarpal ligaments, under ligament
l. carpometacarpa´lia dorsa´lia dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments, under ligament
l. carpometacarpa´lia palma´ria palmar carpometacarpal ligaments, under ligament
l. cauda´le caudal retinaculum
l. ceratocricoid´eum one of three ligaments (anterior, posterior, and lateral) reinforcing the capsule of the cricothyroid articulation on either side.ceratocricoid ligament;
l. collatera´le, pl. ligamen´ta collatera´lia [NA] collateral ligament
l. collatera´le car´pi radia´le [NA] radial collateral ligament of wrist
l. collatera´le car´pi ulna´re [NA] ulnar collateral ligament of wrist
l. collatera´le fibula´re [NA] fibular collateral ligament
l. collatera´le radia´le [NA] radial collateral ligament of elbow
l. collatera´le tibia´le [NA] tibial collateral ligament
l. collatera´le ulna´re [NA] ulnar collateral ligament of elbow
l. col´li cos´tae costotransverse ligament
l. conjuga´le conjugate ligament
l. conoid´eum [NA] conoid ligament
l. coracoacromia´le [NA] coracoacromial ligament
l. coracoclavicula´re [NA] coracoclavicular ligament
l. coracohumera´le [NA] coracohumeral ligament
l. corniculopharynge´um cricopharyngeal ligament
l. corona´rium hep´atis [NA] coronary ligament of liver
l. costoclavicula´re [NA] costoclavicular ligament
l. costotransversa´rium [NA] costotransverse ligament
l. costotransversa´rium ante´rius superior costotransverse ligament
l. costotransversa´rium latera´le [NA] lateral costotransverse ligament
l. costotransversa´rium poste´rius lateral costotransverse ligament
l. costotransversa´rium supe´rius [NA] superior costotransverse ligament
l. costoxiphoi´deum [NA] costoxiphoid ligament
l. cotyloid´eum acetabular labrum
l. cricoarytenoi´deum poste´rius [NA] posterior cricoarytenoid ligament
l. cricopharyn´geum [NA] cricopharyngeal ligament
l. cricothyroi´deum [NA] cricothyroid ligament
l. cricotrachea´le [NA] cricotracheal ligament
ligamen´ta crucia´ta digito´rum cruciform part of fibrous digital sheath
ligamen´ta crucia´ta ge´nus [NA] cruciate ligaments of knee, under ligament
l. crucia´tum ante´rius [NA] anterior cruciate ligament
l. crucia´tum atlan´tis cruciform ligament of atlas
l. crucia´tum cru´ris inferior extensor retinaculum
l. crucia´tum poste´rius [NA] posterior cruciate ligament
l. crucia´tum ter´tium ge´nus posterior meniscofemoral ligament
l. crucifor´me atlan´tis [NA] cruciform ligament of atlas
l. cuboideonavicular [NA] cuboideonavicular ligaments, under ligament
l. cuboideonavicula´re dorsa´le [NA] dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament
l. cuboideonavicula´re planta´re [NA] plantar cuboideonavicular ligament
l. cuneocuboidenum [NA] cuneocuboid ligaments, under ligament
l. cuneocuboideum dorsa´le [NA] dorsal cuneocuboid ligament
l. cuneocuboideum interos´seum [NA] interosseous cuneocuboid ligament
l. cuneocuboideum planta´re [NA] plantar cuneocuboid ligament
ligamen´ta cuneometatarsa´lia interos´sea [NA] interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments, under ligament
l. cuneonaviculare planta´re
ligamen´ta cuneonavicula´ria dorsa´lia dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments, under ligament
l. cuneonavicula´ria planta´ria plantar cuneonavicular ligaments, under ligament
l. deltoi´deum * official alternate term for deltoid ligament
l. denticula´tum [NA] denticulate ligament
l. duc´tus veno´si l. venosum
l. duodenorena´le duodenorenal ligament
l. epididym´idis [NA] ligament of epididymis
l. epididym´idis infe´rius inferior ligament of epididymis
l. epididym´idis supe´rius superior ligament of epididymis
ligamen´ta extracapsula´ria [NA] extracapsular ligaments, under ligament
l. falcifor´me falciform process
l. falcifor´me hep´atis [NA] falciform ligament of liver
l. fla´vum [NA] one of the paired ligaments of yellow elastic fibrous tissue, which bind together the laminae of adjoining vertebrae, forming the dorsal wall of the vertebral canal between the vertebra or laminae; penetration of the ligamentum flavum with a trochar during epidural or spinal puncture produces a distinct feel, letting the practitioner know that the tip of the trochar has entered the epidural space.yellow ligament;
l. fundifor´me pe´nis [NA] fundiform ligament of penis
l. gastrocol´icum [NA] gastrocolic ligament
l. gastroliena´le [NA] * official alternate term for gastrosplenic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament
l. gastrophren´icum [NA] gastrophrenic ligament
l. gastrosple´nicum [NA] gastrosplenic ligament
l. genitoinguina´le [NA] genitoinguinal ligament
ligamen´ta glenohumera´lia [NA] glenohumeral ligaments, under ligament
l. glenoida´le glenoid labrum
l. hepatocol´icum [NA] hepatocolic ligament
l. hepatoduodena´le [NA] hepatoduodenal ligament
l. hepatoesopha´geum hepatoesophageal ligament
l. hepatogas´tricum [NA] hepatogastric ligament
l. hepatorena´le [NA] hepatorenal ligament
l. hyaloi´deo-capsula´rio hyalocapsular ligament
l. hyoepiglot´ticum [NA] hyoepiglottic ligament
l. hyothyroi´deum latera´le lateral thyrohyoid ligament
l. hyothyroi´deum me´dium median thyrohyoid ligament
l. iliofemora´le [NA] iliofemoral ligament
l. iliolumba´le [NA] iliolumbar ligament
l. iliopectinea´le iliopectineal arch
l. in´cudis poste´rius posterior ligament of incus
l. in´cudis supe´rius superior ligament of incus
l. inguina´le [NA] inguinal ligament
l. intercapita´le a part of the l. capitis costae intra-articulare; which connects the heads of opposite ribs by passing over the intervertebral fibrocartilage, and thus holds the ribs in their articular sockets; not present in man but well developed in the dog and cat.intercapital ligament;
ligamen´ta intercarpa´lia [NA] intercarpal ligaments, under ligament
l. intercarpalia dorsalia dorsal intercarpal ligament. See intercarpal ligaments, under ligament.
l. intercarpalia interossea interosseous intercarpal ligament. See intercarpal ligaments, under ligament.
l. intercarpalia palmaria palmar intercarpal ligament. See intercarpal ligaments, under ligament.
l. interclavicula´re [NA] interclavicular ligament
ligamen´ta intercosta´lia intercostal membranes, under membrane
ligamen´ta intercuneifor´mia [NA] intercuneiform ligaments, under ligament
l. intercuneiformia dorsalia dorsal intercuneiform ligament. See intercuneiform ligaments, under ligament.
l. intercuneiformia interossea interosseous intercuneiform ligament. See intercuneiform ligaments, under ligament.
l. intercuneiformia plantaria plantar intercuneiform ligament. See intercuneiform ligaments, under ligament.
l. interfoveola´re [NA] interfoveolar ligament
l. interspina´le [NA] interspinous ligament
l. intertransversa´rium [NA] intertransverse ligament
ligamen´ta intracapsula´ria [NA] intracapsular ligaments, under ligament
l. ischiocapsula´re ischiofemoral ligament
l. ischiofemora´le [NA] ischiofemoral ligament
l. juga´le cricopharyngeal ligament
l. lacinia´tum flexor retinaculum of lower limb
l. lacuna´re [NA] lacunar ligament
l. latera´le articulatio´nis temporomandibula´ris [NA] lateral temporomandibular ligament
l. la´tum pulmo´nis pulmonary ligament
l. la´tum u´teri [NA] broad ligament of the uterus
l. lienorena´le [NA] splenorenal ligament, splenorenal ligament
l. longitudin´ale [NA] longitudinal ligament
l. longitudina´le ante´rius anterior longitudinal ligament
l. longitudina´le poste´rius posterior longitudinal ligament
l. lumbocosta´le [NA] lumbocostal ligament
l. mal´lei ante´rius [NA] anterior ligament of malleus
l. mal´lei latera´le [NA] lateral ligament of malleus
l. mal´lei supe´rius [NA] superior ligament of malleus
l. malle´oli latera´lis See anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament.
l. media´le articulatio´nis talocrura´lis [NA] deltoid ligament
l. media´le articulatio´nis temporomandibula´ris [NA] medial ligament
l. media´lis anterior tibiotalar ligament
l. menis´ci latera´lis posterior meniscofemoral ligament
ligamen´ta meniscofemora´le [NA] meniscofemoral ligaments, under ligament
l. meniscofemora´le ante´rius [NA] anterior meniscofemoral ligament
l. meniscofemora´le poste´rius [NA] posterior meniscofemoral ligament
l. metacarpa´le transver´sum profun´dum [NA] deep transverse metacarpal ligament
l. metacarpa´le transver´sum superficia´le [NA] superficial transverse metacarpal ligament
ligamen´ta metacarpa´lia dorsa´lia dorsal metacarpal ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta metacarpa´lia interos´sea interosseous metacarpal ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta metacarpa´lia palma´ria palmar metacarpal ligaments, under ligament
l. metatarsa´le transver´sum profun´dum [NA] deep transverse metatarsal ligament
l. metatarsa´le transver´sum superficia´le [NA] superficial transverse metatarsal ligament
ligamen´ta metatarsa´lia dorsa´lia dorsal metatarsal ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta metatarsa´lia interos´sea interosseous metatarsal ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta metatarsa´lia planta´ria plantar metatarsal ligaments, under ligament
l. natato´rium superficial transverse metacarpal ligament
ligamen´ta navicularicuneifor´mia See dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments, under ligament, plantar cuneonavicular ligaments, under ligament.
l. nu´chae [NA] a sagittal ligamentous band at the back of the neck, formed of thickened supraspinous ligaments; it extends from the external occipital protuberance to the posterior border of the foramen magnum, cranially, to the seventh cervical spinous process, caudally.apparatus ligamentosus colli, nuchal ligament;
l. orbicula´re ra´dii annular ligament of the radius
ligamen´ta ossiculo´rum audi´tus [NA] ligaments of auditory ossicles, under ligament
l. ova´rii pro´prium [NA] ovarian ligament
ligamen´ta palma´ria [NA] palmar ligaments, under ligament
l. palpebra´le exter´num lateral palpebral ligament
l. palpebra´le latera´le [NA] lateral palpebral ligament
l. palpebra´le media´le [NA] medial palpebral ligament
l. patel´lae [NA] patellar ligament
l. pectina´tum [NA] pectinate ligaments of iridocorneal angle. See trabecular reticulum.
l. pectina´tum an´guli iridocornea´lis pectinate ligaments of iridocorneal angle. See trabecular reticulum.
l. pectina´tum ir´idis pectinate ligaments of iridocorneal angle. See trabecular reticulum.
l. pectinea´le [NA] pectineal ligament
l. phrenicocol´icum [NA] phrenicocolic ligament
l. phrenicoliena´le [NA] splenorenal ligament
l. phrenicosple´nicum [NA] splenorenal ligament
l. pisohama´tum [NA] pisohamate ligament
l. pisometacarp´eum [NA] pisometacarpal ligament
l. planta´re lon´gum [NA] long plantar ligament
ligamen´ta planta´ria [NA] plantar ligaments, under ligament
l. poplit´eum arcua´tum [NA] arcuate popliteal ligament
l. poplit´eum obli´quum [NA] oblique popliteal ligament
l. pterygospina´le [NA] pterygospinous ligament
l. pu´bicum supe´rius [NA] superior pubic ligament
l. pubocapsula´re pubofemoral ligament
l. pubofemora´le [NA] pubofemoral ligament
l. puboprostat´icum [NA] puboprostatic ligament
l. puboprostat´icum latera´le See puboprostatic ligament.lateral puboprostatic ligament;
l. puboprostat´icum media´le See puboprostatic ligament.medial puboprostatic ligament;
l. pubovesica´le [NA] pubovesical ligament
l. pulmona´le [NA] pulmonary ligament
l. quadra´tum [NA] quadrate ligament
l. radia´tum radiate ligament of head of rib
l. radiocarpa´le dorsa´le [NA] dorsal radiocarpal ligament
l. radiocarpa´le palma´re [NA] palmar radiocarpal ligament
l. reflex´um [NA] reflected inguinal ligament
l. sacrococcyg´eum ante´rius [NA] ventral sacrococcygeal ligament
l. sacrococcyg´eum latera´le [NA] lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
l. sacrococcyg´eum poste´rius profun´dum [NA] deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament
l. sacrococcyg´eum poste´rius superficia´le [NA] superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament
l. sacrodura´le sacrodural ligament
ligamen´ta sacroili´aca ante´riora [NA] anterior sacroiliac ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta sacroili´aca interos´sea [NA] interosseous sacroiliac ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta sacroil´iaca poste´riora [NA] posterior sacroiliac ligaments, under ligament
l. sacroili´acum poste´rius posterior sacroiliac ligaments, under ligament
l. sacrospina´le [NA] sacrospinous ligament
l. sacrospino´sum sacrospinous ligament
l. sacrotubera´le [NA] sacrotuberous ligament
l. sacrotubero´sum sacrotuberous ligament
l. sero´sum serous ligament
l. sphenomandibula´re [NA] sphenomandibular ligament
l. spira´le coch´leae [NA] * official alternate term for spiral ligament of cochlea, spiral ligament of cochlea
l. splenorena´le [NA] splenorenal ligament
l. sternoclaviculare [NA] sternoclavicular ligament
l. sternoclavicula´re ante´rius [NA] anterior sternoclavicular ligament
l. sternoclavicula´re poste´rius [NA] posterior sternoclavicular ligament
l. sternocosta´le intra-articula´re [NA] intra-articular sternocostal ligament
ligamen´ta sternocosta´lia radia´ta [NA] radiate sternocostal ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta sternoper´icardi´aca [NA] sternopericardial ligament
l. stylohyoi´deum [NA] stylohyoid ligament
l. stylomandibula´re [NA] stylomandibular ligament
l. supraspina´le [NA] supraspinous ligament
ligamen´ta suspenso´ria mam´mae [NA] suspensory ligaments of breast, under ligament
l. suspenso´rium clitor´idis [NA] suspensory ligament of clitoris
l. suspenso´rium ova´rii [NA] suspensory ligament of ovary
l. suspenso´rium pe´nis [NA] suspensory ligament of penis
l. talocalcanea´re [NA] talocalcaneal ligament
l. talocalcanea´re interos´seum interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
l. talocalcanea´re latera´le lateral talocalcaneal ligament
l. talocalcanea´re media´le medial talocalcaneal ligament
l. talofibula´re ante´rius [NA] anterior talofibular ligament
l. talofibula´re poste´rius [NA] posterior talofibular ligament
l. talonavicula´re [NA] dorsal talonavicular ligament
l. talotibia´le ante´rius anterior tibiotalar ligament See also deltoid ligament.
l. talotibia´le poste´rius posterior tibiotalar ligament See also deltoid ligament.
l. tarsa´le exter´num lateral palpebral ligament
l. tarsa´le inter´num medial palpebral ligament
ligamen´ta tar´si [NA] tarsal ligaments, under ligament
ligamen´ta tarsometatarsa´lia [NA] tarsometatarsal ligaments, under ligament
l. temporomandibula´re lateral temporomandibular ligament
l. te´res fem´oris ligament of head of femur
l. te´res hep´atis [NA] round ligament of liver
l. te´res u´teri [NA] round ligament of uterus
l. tes´tis the caudal portion of the embryonic urogenital ridge; the upper third of the gubernaculum testis.
l. thyroepiglot´ticum [NA] thyroepiglottic ligament
l. thyrohyoi´deum latera´le [NA] lateral thyrohyoid ligament
l. thyrohyoi´deum media´num [NA] median thyrohyoid ligament
l. tibiofibula´re ante´rius [NA] anterior tibiofibular ligament
l. tibiofibula´re me´dium interosseous membrane of leg
l. tibiofibula´re poste´rius [NA] posterior tibiofibular ligament
l. tibionavicula´re tibionavicular ligament See also deltoid ligament.
ligamen´ta trachea´lia [NA] annular ligaments of the trachea, under ligament
l. transversa´le col´li cardinal ligament
l. transver´sum acetab´uli [NA] transverse ligament of acetabulum
l. transver´sum atlan´tis [NA] transverse ligament of the atlas
l. transver´sum cru´ris superior extensor retinaculum
l. transver´sum ge´nus [NA] transverse ligament of knee
l. transver´sum pel´vis transverse perineal ligament
l. transver´sum perine´i [NA] transverse perineal ligament
l. transver´sum scap´ulae infe´rius [NA] inferior transverse scapular ligament
l. transver´sum scap´ulae supe´rius [NA] superior transverse scapular ligament
l. trapezoi´deum [NA] trapezoid ligament
l. triangula´re inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
l. triangula´re dex´trum [NA] right triangular ligament
l. triangula´re sinis′trum [NA] left triangular ligament
l. tuber´culi cos´tae lateral costotransverse ligament
l. ulnocarpa´le palma´re [NA] palmar ulnocarpal ligament
l. umbilica´le latera´le an old name for l. umbilicale mediale.lateral umbilical ligament;
l. umbilica´le media´le [NA] medial umbilical ligament
l. umbilica´le media´num [NA] median umbilical ligament
l. ve´nae ca´vae sinis´trae ligament of left vena cava
l. veno´sum [NA] a thin fibrous cord, lying in the fissure of the ligamentum venosum, the remains of the ductus venosus of the fetus.Arantius' ligament, l. ductus venosi, venous ligament;
l. ventricula´re vestibular ligament
l. vestibula´re [NA] vestibular ligament
l. voca´le [NA] vocal ligament

ligand ligand (lig´and, lI´gand)

1. An organic molecule attached to a central metal ion by multiple coordinate bonds; e.g., the porphyrin portion of heme, the corrin nucleus of the B₁₂ vitamins. 2. An organic molecule attached to a tracer element, e.g., a radioisotope. 3. A molecule that binds to a macromolecule, e.g., a l. binding to a receptor. 4. The analyte in competitive binding assays, such as radioimmunoassay. [L. ligo, to bind]
addressing l.'s l.'s on cells for specific homing receptors on lymphocytes.

ligandin ligandin (lI-gan´din)

glutathione S-transferase

ligase ligase (lI´gas)

Generic term for enzymes (EC class 6) catalyzing the joining of two molecules coupled with the breakdown of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar compound. See also synthetase.

ligate ligate (lI´gat)

To apply a ligature. [L. ligo, pp. -atus, to bind]

ligation ligation (lI-ga´shun)

1. Application of a ligature. 2. The act of binding or annealing. [L. ligatio, fr. ligo, to bind]
blunt-end l. a reaction that joins two DNA duplexes directly at their blunt ends.
enzyme-catalyzed l. an enzyme-mediated joining of phosphodiester linkage of two stretches of DNA or RNA, or of peptide linkage of two polypeptides.
pole l. a l. at the root of an organ to shut off or diminish blood supply.
surgical l. in dentistry, the surgical exposure of an unerupted tooth so that a metal ligature can be placed around its cervix and fastened to an orthodontic appliance to facilitate eruption.
tooth l. the binding together of teeth with wire for stabilization and immobilization following traumatic injury or orthognathic surgery, or during periodontal therapy.
tubal l. interruption of the continuity of the oviducts by cutting, cautery, or by a plastic or metal device to prevent future conception.

ligator ligator (lI´ga-ter, -tor)

An instrument used in the ligation of vessels in deep and nearly inaccessible parts.

ligature ligature (lig´a-chur)

1. A thread, wire, fillet, or the like, tied tightly around a blood vessel, the pedicle of a tumor, or other structure to constrict it. 2. In orthodontics, a wire or other material used to secure an orthodontic attachment or tooth to an archwire. [L. ligatura, a band or tie, fr. ligo, to tie]
elastic l. 1. a rubber l. that slowly constricts; 2. in orthodontics, a stretchable threadlike material that may be tied from a tooth to an archwire or from tooth to tooth to gain movement of these units.
intravascular l. balloon occlusion of the feeding vessels of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation.
nonabsorbable l. a permanent l. of inert material, such as silk, wire, or synthetic fiber, that does not undergo dissolution in human tissues.
occluding l. a l. to shut off completely the distal blood supply.
provisional l. a l. applied to an artery in continuity at the beginning of an operation to prevent hemorrhage, but removed when the operation is completed.
soluble l. a temporary l. of material that can be absorbed by human tissues.
Stannius l. a l. placed either around the junction between the sinus venosus and atrium of the frog or turtle heart (first Stannius l.) or around the atrioventricular junction (second Stannius l.); demonstrates that the cardiac impulse is conducted from sinus venosus to atria to ventricle, but that successive chambers possess automaticity since each may continue to beat, but the atria now have a slower rate than the sinus venosus, and the ventricle either does not contract or beats at a slower rate than the atria.
suboccluding l. a l. to diminish blood supply and encourage collateral circulation.
suture l. a l. applied by passing a needle with attached thread through or around a structure to more firmly secure the l.

light light (lIt)

That portion of electromagnetic radiation to which the retina is sensitive. See also lamp. [A.S. leoht]
cold l. 1. bioluminescence (1) 2. fluorescent l. as opposed to incandescent l.
infrared l. See infrared.
invisible l. historic term for x-rays.
minimum l. See visual threshold.
polarized l. l. in which, as a result of reflection or transmission through certain media, the vibrations are all in one plane, transverse to the ray, instead of in all planes.
reflected l. l. directed backward from a mirror.
refracted l. bent rays of l. changed in passage from one transparent medium to another of unequal density. See also refraction.
transmitted l. l. passed through a transparent medium.
Wood's l. ultraviolet l. produced by Wood's lamp.

lightening lightening (lIt´en-ing)

Sensation of decreased abdominal distention during the later weeks of pregnancy following the descent of the fetal head into the pelvic inlet.

light green SF yellowish light green SF yellowish [C.I. 42095]

An acid arylmethane dye, used as a cytoplasmic stain in plant and animal histology; fades badly in bright light.

Lignac Lignac

G.O.E., Dutch pediatrician, 1891-1954. See L.-Fanconi syndrome.

ligneous ligneous (lig´ne-us)

Woody; having a woody feeling. [L. ligneus, wooden, fr. lignum, wood]

lignin lignin (lig´nin)

A polymer of coniferyl alcohol accompanying cellulose and present in vegetable fiber and wood cells; a source of vanillin (by oxidation of l.); l. composition varies with plant species. [L. lignum, wood]

lignoceric acid lignoceric acid (lig-no-sar´ik, -ser´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₂₂COOH;an acid present in one type of sphingolipid and in small amounts in triacylglycerols.n-tetracosanoic acid;

lignophagia lignophagia (lig-no-faj´e-a)

An abnormal chewing and eating of wood, seen in horses in restrictive quarters. [L. lignum, wood, + G. phago, to eat]

likelihood likelihood

A statement of the chance that an unknown quantity in reality has a particular value based on the readiness with which it would account for a given set of data; in this way the merits of various competing interpretations may be compared.

Likert Likert

Rensis, U.S. social psychologist, *1903. See Likert scale.

Lillie Lillie

Ralph D., U.S. pathologist, 1896-1979. See Glenner-L. stain for pituitary.stain

Lilly Lilly

John C., U.S. physiologist, *1915. See Silverman-L. pneumotachograph.

limb limb (lim)

1. An extremity; a member; an arm or leg. 2. A segment of any jointed structure. See also leg. [A.S. lim]
ampullary l.'s of semicircular ducts ampullary crura of semicircular ducts, under crus
anacrotic l. the ascending l. of an arterial pulse tracing.
anterior l. of internal capsule the portion of the internal capsule between the head of the caudate nucleus and the putamen; it lies anterior to the genu of the internal capsule.crus anterius capsulae internae [NA];
anterior l. of stapes anterior crus of stapes
l.'s of bony semicircular canals crura of bony semicircular canals, under crus
common l. of membranous semicircular ducts common crus of semicircular ducts
l. of helix crus of helix
inferior l. lower l
lateral l. lateral crus
lower l. the hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.membrum inferius [NA], inferior l., lower extremity, pelvic l;
medial l. medial crus
pelvic l. lower l
phantom l. the sensation that an amputated l. is still present, often associated with painful paresthesia.pseudesthesia (3), pseudoesthesia (3), stump hallucination;
posterior l. of internal capsule that subdivision of the internal capsule caudal to the genu between the thalamus and lentiform nucleus.crus posterius capsulae internae [NA];
posterior l. of stapes posterior crus of stapes
retrolenticular l. of internal capsule retrolenticular part of internal capsule
simple membranous l. of semicircular duct simple crus of semicircular duct
sublenticular l. of internal capsule sublenticular part of internal capsule
superior l. upper l
thoracic l. upper l
upper l. the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.membrum superius [NA], superior l., thoracic l., upper extremity;

limbic limbic (lim´bik)

1. Relating to a limbus. 2. Relating to the limbic system.

limbus limbus, pl. limbi (lim´bus, lim´bI) [NA]

The edge, border, or fringe of a part. [L. a border]
l. acetab´uli [NA] margin of acetabulum
l. alveola´ris 1. alveolar arch of mandible 2. alveolar arch of maxilla
l. of bony spiral lamina the border of the spiral lamina; the thickened periosteum covering the upper plate of the bony spiral lamina of the cochlea.l. laminae spiralis osseae [NA];
l. of cornea the margin of the cornea overlapped by the sclera.l. corneae [NA], corneal margin, sclerocorneal junction;
l. cor´neae [NA] l. of cornea
l. fos´sae ova´lis [NA] a muscular ring surrounding the fossa ovalis in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.annulus ovalis, margin of fossa ovalis, Vieussens' annulus, Vieussens' isthmus, Vieussens' l., Vieussens' ring;
l. lam´inae spira´lis os´seae [NA] l. of bony spiral lamina
l. membra´nae tym´pani l. of tympanic membrane
lim´bi palpebra´les [NA] borders of eyelids, under border
l. palpebra´les anterior´es [NA] anterior border of eyelids
l. penicilla´tus brush border
l. stria´tus striated border
l. of tympanic membrane margin of the tympanic membrane attaching to the tympanic sulcus.l. membranae tympani;
Vieussens' l. l. fossae ovalis

lime lime (lIm)

1. CaO;an alkaline earth oxide occurring in grayish white masses (quicklime); on exposure to the atmosphere it becomes converted into calcium hydrate and calcium carbonate (air-slaked l.); direct addition of water to calcium oxide produces calcium hydrate (slaked l.).calcium oxide, calx (1); 2. Fruit of the l. tree, Citrus medica (family Rutaceae), which is a source of ascorbic acid and acts as an antiscorbutic agent. [O.E. lIm, birdlime]
air-slaked l. See lime (1).
chlorinated l. See chlorinated lime.
slaked l. See lime (1).
sulfurated l. crude calcium sulfide

limen limen, pl. limina (li´men, lim´i-na) [NA]

Entrance; the external opening of a canal or space, such as l. insulae.threshold (4); [L.]
l. in´sulae [NA] the band of transition between the anterior portion of the gray matter of the insula and the anterior perforated substance; it is formed by a narrow strip of olfactory cortex along the lateral side of the lateral olfactory stria.threshold of island of Reil;
l. na´si [NA] a ridge marking the boundary between the nasal cavity proper and the vestibule.threshold of nose;

limerence limerence (lim´er-ens)

Emotional excitement of being in love.

limes (L) limes (L) (lI´mez)

A boundary, limit, or threshold. See also L doses, under dose. [L.]

liminal liminal (lim´i-nal)

1. Pertaining to a threshold. 2. Pertaining to a stimulus just strong enough to excite a tissue, e.g., nerve or muscle. [L. limen (limin-), a threshold]

liminometer liminometer (lim-i-nom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the strength of a stimulus which is barely sufficient to produce a reflex response. [L. limen, threshold, + G. metron, measure]

limit limit

A boundary or end. [L. limes, boundary]
elastic l. the greatest stress to which a material may be subjected and still be capable of returning to its original dimensions when the forces are released.
Hayflick's l. the l. of human cell division in subcultures; such cells will divide only about 50 times before dying out.
permissible exposure l. an occupational health standard to safeguard workers against dangerous contaminants in the workplace.
proportional l. the greatest stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke's law).
quantum l. the shortest wavelength found in an x-ray spectrum.
short-term exposure l. (STEL) the maximum concentration of a chemical to which workers may be exposed continuously for up to 15 minutes without danger to health or work efficiency and safety.

Limnatis nilotica Limnatis nilotica (lim-na´tis nI-lot´i-ka)

The horse leech; a species of land-leech of southern Europe and northern Africa which may infest the nostrils or gullet and, attaching itself to the mucous membrane, may cause hemorrhages and anemia in horses and other animals drinking leech-infested water. [G. limne, pool]

limnemia limnemia (lim-ne´me-a)

chronic malaria [G. limne, marsh, + haima, blood]

limnemic limnemic (lim-ne´mik)

Suffering from chronic malaria.

limnology limnology (lim-nol´o-je)

Study of the physical, chemical, meteorological, and biological conditions in fresh water; a branch of ecology. [G. limne, pool, + logos, study]

limon limon, gen. limonis (lI´mon, li-mo´nis)

lemon [L.]

limophoitas limophoitas (lI´mo-foy´tas)

Rarely used term for a psychosis induced by starvation. [G. limos, hunger, + phoitas, frenzy]

limophthisis limophthisis (lI-mof´thI-sis)

Rarely used term for emaciation from lack of sufficient nourishment. [G. limos, hunger, + phthisis, wasting]

limosis limosis (lI-mo´sis)

Rarely used term for hunger, especially abnormal or inordinate hunger. [G. limos, hunger]

limp limp

A lame walk with a yielding step; asymmetrical gait. See also claudication.

LINAC LINAC

Abbreviation for linear accelerator.

lincomycin lincomycin (lin-ko-mI´sin)

An antibacterial substance, composed of substituted pyrrolidine and octapyranose moities, produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis; active against Gram-positive organisms; used medicinally as l. hydrochloride.

lincture lincture , linctus (link´chur, link´tus)

An electuary or a confection; originally a medical preparation taken by licking. [L. lingo, pp. linctus, to lick]

lindane lindane (lin´dan)

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane;used as a scabicide, pediculicide, and insecticide (10 times more toxic for house flies than DDT). See also gamma benzene hexachloride.

Lindau Lindau

Arvid, Swedish pathologist, 1892-1958. See L.'s disease, tumor; von Hippel-L. syndrome.

Lindbergh Lindbergh

Charles A., U.S. aviator, 1902-1974. See Carrel-L. pump.

Lindner Lindner

Karl, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1883-1961. See L.'s bodies, under body.

Lindqvist Lindqvist

Johan Torsten, Swedish physician, *1906. See Fahraeus-L. effect.

line line (lIn)

1. A mark, strip, or streak. In anatomy, a long narrow mark, strip, or streak distinguished from the adjacent tissues by a color, texture, or elevation. See also line. 2. A unit of measurement used by histologists in the 19th century; it varied in different countries from 1 / 10 to 1 / 12 of an English inch. 3. A laboratory derivative of a stock of organisms maintained under defined physical conditions. 4. A section of tubing supplying fluid or conducting impulses for monitoring equipment; e.g., intravenous l., arterial l.linea [NA]; [L. linea, a linen thread, a string, line, fr. linum, flax]
absorption l.'s the dark l.'s in the solar spectrum due to absorption by the solar and the earth's atmosphere; the phenomenon occurs because rays passing from an incandescent body through a colder medium are absorbed by elements in that medium.
accretion l.'s l.'s seen in microscopic sections of the enamel, marking successive layers of added material.
alveolonasal l. a l. connecting the alveolar point and the nasion.
Amberg's lateral sinus l. a l. dividing the angle formed by the anterior edge of the mastoid process and the temporal l.
anocutaneous l. pectinate l
anterior axillary l. a vertical line extending inferiorly from the anterior axillary fold.linea axillaris anterior [NA], linea preaxillaris [NA], preaxillary l;
anterior junction l. radiographic projection of the mediastinal tissue septum between the upper lobes behind the sternum.
anterior median l. the line of intersection of the midsagittal plane with the anterior surface of the body.linea mediana anterior [NA];
arcuate l. an arching or bow-shaped l. See arcuate l. of ilium, arcuate l. of rectus sheath.linea arcuata [NA];
arcuate l. of ilium the iliac portion of the linea terminalis of the bony pelvis.linea arcuata ossis ilii [NA];
arcuate l. of rectus sheath a crescentic line, not always clearly defined, which marks the lower limit of the posterior layer of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle.linea arcuata vaginae musculi recti abdominis [NA], Douglas' l., linea semicircularis, semicircular l;
arterial l. an intra-arterial catheter.
axillary l. See anterior axillary l., midaxillary l., posterior axillary l.
Baillarger's l.'s two laminae of white fibers that course parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex and are visible as outer and inner l.'s in sections cut perpendicular to the surface; the l. of Gennari in the calcarine cortex represents the outer of these lines.Baillarger's bands;
base l. a l. approximating the base of the skull, passing from the infraorbital ridge to the midline of the occiput, intersecting the superior margin of the external auditory meatus; the skull is in the anatomical position when the base line lies in the horizontal plane.orbitomeatal l;
basinasal l. a l. connecting the basion and the nasion.nasobasilar l;
Beau's l.'s transverse depressions on the fingernails following severe febrile disease, malnutrition, trauma, myocardial infarction, etc.
l. of Bechterew band of Kaes-Bechterew
bismuth l. a black zone on the free marginal gingiva, often the first sign of poisoning from prolonged parenteral administration of bismuth.
black l. linea nigra
blue l. a bluish l. along the free border of the gingiva, occurring in chronic heavy metal poisoning.
Bolton-nasion l. Bolton plane
Brödel's bloodless l. l. running somewhat posterior to the lateral convex border of the kidney between anterior and posterior renal segments demarcating the areas of distribution of the anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery; it is in fact only relatively avascular.
Burton's l. a bluish l. on the free border of the gingiva, occurring in lead poisoning.
calcification l.'s of Retzius incremental l.'s of rhythmic deposition of successive layers of enamel matrix during development.l.'s of Retzius;
Camper's l. the l. running from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the superior border of the tragus of the ear.
cell l. 1. in tissue culture, the cells growing in the first or later subculture from a primary culture. See also established cell l. 2. a clone of cultured cells derived from an identified parental cell type.
cement l. the refractile boundary of an osteon or interstitial lamellar system in compact bone.
cervical l. a continuous anatomical irregular curved l. marking the cervical end of the crown of a tooth and the cementoenamel junction.
Chamberlain's l. a l. drawn from the posterior margin of the hard palate to the dorsum of the foramen magnum; in basilar impression, the odontoid process rises above this l.
Chaussier's l. the anteroposterior l. of the corpus callosum as appearing on median section of the brain.
Clapton's l. a greenish discoloration of the marginal gingiva in cases of chronic copper poisoning.
cleavage l.'s lines which can be extrapolated by connecting linear openings made when a round pin is driven into the skin of a cadaver, resulting from the principal axis of orientation of the subcutaneous connective tissue (collagen) fibers of the dermis; they vary in direction with the region of the body surface.Langer's l.'s;
Conradi's l. a l. extending from the base of the ensiform cartilage to the apex beat of the heart, corresponding approximately to the lower edge of the cardiac area.
contour l.'s of Owen Owen's l.'s
Correra's l. pleural l.'s
costoclavicular l. parasternal l
costophrenic septal l.'s Kerley B l.'s
Crampton's l. a l. from the apex of the cartilage of the last rib downward and forward nearly to the crest of the ilium, then forward parallel with it to a little below the anterior superior spine; a guide to the common iliac artery.
Daubenton's l. the l. passing between the opisthion and the basion. See also Daubenton's angle, Daubenton's plane.
l. of demarcation a zone of inflammatory reaction separating a gangrenous area from healthy tissue.
demarcation l. of retina junction of avascular and vascular retina in retinopathy of prematurity; line marking the limits of an old retinal detachment.
Dennie's l. an accentuated line or fold below the margin of the lower eyelid; characteristic in atopic dermatitis.Dennie's infraorbital fold;
dentate l. pectinate l
developmental l.'s developmental grooves, under groove
Douglas' l. arcuate l. of rectus sheath
Eberth's l.'s l.'s appearing between the cells of the myocardium when stained with silver nitrate.
Egger's l. seldom-used term for the circular l. of adhesion between the vitreous and posterior lens.
Ehrlich-Türk l. seldom-used term for the vertical, thin deposition of material on the posterior surface of the cornea in uveitis.
epiphysial l. the line of junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone where growth in length occurs.linea epiphysialis [NA], synchondrosis epiphyseos;
established cell l. cells that demonstrate the potential for indefinite subculture in vitro.
Farre's l. a whitish l. marking the insertion of the mesovarium at the hilum of the ovary.
Feiss l. a l. running from the medial malleolus to the plantar aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
l. of fixation a l. joining the object (or point of fixation) with the fovea.
Fleischner l.'s coarse linear shadows on a chest radiograph, indicating bands of subsegmental atelectasis.
Fraunhofer's l.'s a number of the most prominent of the absorption l.'s of the solar spectrum.
fulcrum l. an imaginary l. around which a removable partial denture tends to rotate.rotational axis;
Futcher's l. a dorso-ventral line of pigmentation occurring symmetrically and bilaterally for about 10 cm along the lateral edge of the biceps muscle, seen in some blacks.Voigt's l.'s;
l. of Gennari a prominent white line appearing in perpendicular sections of the visual cortex (Brodmann's area 17) at about mid-thickness of the cortical gray matter, corresponding to the particularly well developed outer line of Baillarger of that cortical area, and composed largely of tangentially disposed intracortical association fibers.Gennari's band, Gennari's stria, stripe of Gennari;
germ l. a collection of haploid cells derived from the specialized cells of the primitive gonad.
gluteal l. one of three rough curved lines on the outer surface of the ala of the ilium: anterior (or middle) gluteal l., inferior gluteal l., and posterior gluteal l.; the two areas bounded by these give attachment to the gluteus minimus muscle below and gluteus medius above.linea glutea [NA];
Granger's l. on lateral skull radiographs, the l. produced by the groove of the optic chiasm or sulcus prechiasmatis.
growth arrest l.'s dense l.'s parallel to the growth plates of long bones on radiographs, representing temporary slowing or cessation of longitudinal growth.Harris' l.'s;
Gubler's l. the level of the superficial origin of the trigeminus on the pons, a lesion below which causes Gubler's paralysis.
gum l. the position of the margin of the gingiva in relation to the teeth in the dental arch.
Haller's l. linea splendens
Hampton l. a thin radiolucent band across the neck of a contrast-filled benign gastric ulcer, indicating mucosal edema. Cf. Carman's sign.
Harris' l.'s growth arrest l.'s
Head's l.'s bands of cutaneous hyperesthesia associated with acute or chronic inflammation of the viscera.Head's zones, tender l.'s, tender zones;
Hensen's l. H band
highest nuchal l. a line above and parallel to the superior nuchal line on the external surface of the occipital bone; it gives attachment to the epicranial aponeurosis and occipitalis muscle.linea nuchae suprema [NA];
high lip l. the greatest height to which the lip is raised in normal function or during the act of smiling broadly.
Hilton's white l. white l. of anal canal
His' l. a l. extending from the tip of the anterior nasal spine (acanthion) to the hindmost point on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum (opisthion), dividing the face into an upper and a lower, or dental part.
Holden's l. the crease or furrow of the skin of the groin caused by flexion of the thigh.
Hudson-Stähli l. a brown, horizontal l. across the lower third of the cornea, occasionally seen in the aged and also in association with corneal opacities.
Hunter's l. linea alba
Hunter-Schreger l.'s Hunter-Schreger bands, under band
iliopectineal l. linea terminalis
imbrication l.'s of von Ebner incremental l.'s in the dentin of the tooth that reflect variations in mineralization during dentin formation; the distance between the l.'s corresponds to the daily rate of dentin formation.incremental l.'s of von Ebner;
incremental l.'s 1. in the enamel, calcification l.'s of Retzius; 2. in the dentin, imbrication or incremental l.'s of von Ebner, and Owen's l.'s.
incremental l.'s of von Ebner imbrication l.'s of von Ebner
inferior nuchal l. a ridge that extends laterally from the external occipital crest toward the jugular process of the occipital bone.linea nuchae inferior [NA];
inferior temporal l. the lower of two curved lines on the parietal bone; it marks the outer limit of attachment of the temporalis muscle.linea temporalis inferior [NA], temporal ridge;
infracostal l. subcostal plane
intercondylar l. of femur a faint transverse ridge separating the floor of the intercondylar fossa from the popliteal surface of the femur; it affords attachment to the posterior portion of the articular capsule of the knee.linea intercondylaris femoris [NA];
intermediate l. of iliac crest the line on the crest of the ilium between the outer and inner lips, for origin of internal oblique muscle.linea intermedia cristae iliacae [NA];
internal oblique l. mylohyoid l
interspinal l. l. passing through both anterior superior iliac spines indicating the interspinal plane.linea interspinalis [NA];
intertrochanteric l. a rough line that separates the neck and shaft of the femur anteriorly; it passes downward and medially from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter and continues into the medial lip of the linea aspera.linea intertrochanterica [NA], linea spiralis, spiral l;
intertubercular l. l. passing through tubercles of both iliac crests, indicating the intertubercular plane.linea intertubercularis [NA];
isoelectric l. the baseline of the electrocardiogram.
l. of Kaes band of Kaes-Bechterew
Kerley A l.'s images of deep interlobular septa; longer, thicker, and more central than Kerley B l.'s; usually in upper lobes.
Kerley B l.'s fine peripheral septal l.'s.costophrenic septal l.'s;
Kerley C l.'s a nonspecific fine reticular pattern on chest radiographs.
Kilian's l. a transverse l. marking the promontory of the pelvis.
Langer's l.'s cleavage l.'s
Lanz's l. interspinal plane
lateral l. See lateral line system.
lead l. deposits of lead sulfide in the gingiva in areas of chronic inflammation.
Looser's l.'s radiolucent bands in the cortex of a bone; usually indicates osteomalacia.Looser's zones;
low lip l. 1. the lowest position of the lower lip during the act of smiling or voluntary retraction; 2. the lowest position of the upper lip at rest.
M l. a fine l. in the center of the A band of the sarcomere of striated muscle myofibrils.M band, mesophragma;
Mach l. the apparent l. of contrasting density bordering a soft tissue shadow on a radiograph; it is an optical illusion constructed by the observer's retina.
mamillary l. a vertical line passing through the nipple on either side.linea mamillaris [NA], nipple l;
mammary l. a transverse l. drawn between the two nipples.
McKee's l. a l. drawn from the tip of the cartilage of the eleventh rib to a point 3.5 cm medial to the anterior superior spine, then curved downward, forward, and inward to just above the deep inguinal ring; a guide to the common iliac artery.
median l. See anterior median l., posterior median l.
Mees' l.'s horizontal white bands of the nails seen in chronic arsenical poisoning, and occasionally in leprosy.Mees' stripes;
mercurial l. a bluish brown pigmentation seen at the gingival margin and associated with mercury poisoning (mercurial stomatitis).
Meyer's l. a l. through the axis of the big toe and passing the midpoint of the heel in a normal foot.
midaxillary l. a vertical line intersecting a point midway between the anterior and posterior axillary folds or lines.linea axillaris media [NA], linea medio-axillaris [NA], middle axillary l;
midclavicular l. a vertical line passing through the midpoint of the clavicle.linea medioclavicularis [NA];
middle axillary l. midaxillary l
milk l. mammary ridge
Monro-Richter l. a l. passing from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine. McBurney's point occurs on this line.Monro's l., Richter-Monro l;
Monro's l. Monro-Richter l
Muehrcke's l.'s white l.'s, parallel with the lanula and separated from each other by normal pink areas; associated with hypoalbuminemia; the l.'s do not move outward with nail growth, but disappear when the serum albumen returns to normal.
mylohyoid l. a ridge on the inner surface of the mandible running from a point inferior to the mental spine upward and backward to the ramus behind the last molar tooth; it gives attachment to the mylohyoid muscle and the lowermost part of the superior constrictor of the pharynx.linea mylohyoidea [NA], internal oblique l., mylohyoid ridge;
nasobasilar l. basinasal l
Nélaton's l. a l. drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the tuberosity of the ischium; normally the great trochanter lies in this l., but in cases of iliac dislocation of the hip or fracture of the neck of the femur the trochanter is felt above the l.Roser-Nélaton l;
neonatal l. in deciduous teeth, a l. of demarcation between prenatal and postnatal enamel.neonatal ring;
nipple l. mamillary l
Obersteiner-Redlich l. Obersteiner-Redlich zone
oblique l. a diagonal, sloping or slanting l.; a l. which is neither parallel nor perpendiculr, neither horizonal nor vertical. See oblique l. of mandible, oblique l. of thyroid cartilage.linea obliqua [NA];
oblique l. of mandible the l. on the external surface of the mandible that extends from the mental tubercle to the ramus and separates the alveolar and basilar parts of the bone.linea obliqua mandibulae [NA];
oblique l. of thyroid cartilage a ridge on the outer surface of the thyroid cartilage that gives attachment to the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles.linea obliqua cartilaginis thyroidea [NA];
l. of occlusion the alignment of the occluding surfaces of the teeth in the horizontal plane. See also occlusal plane.
Ogston's l. a l. drawn from the adductor tubercle of the femur to the intercondylar notch; a guide to resection of the medial condyle for knock-knee.
Ohngren's l. a theoretical plane passing between the medial canthus of the eye and the angle of the mandible; used as an arbitrary dividing l. in classifying localized tumors of the maxillary sinus; tumors above the l. invade vital structures early and have a poorer prognosis, whereas those below the l. have a more favorable prognosis.
orbitomeatal l. base l
Owen's l.'s accentuated incremental l.'s in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process.contour l.'s of Owen;
paraspinal l. radiographic image of the interface between the lung and paravertebral soft tissues.
parasternal l. a vertical line equidistant from the sternal and midclavicular lines.linea parasternalis [NA], costoclavicular l;
paravertebral l. a vertical line corresponding to the tips of the transverse processes of the vertebrae.linea paravertebralis [NA];
Paris l. a unit of microscopic measurement as used in Kölliker's Mikroskopische Anatomie; it was equal to 0.0888138 of an inch.
Paton's l.'s fine l.'s on the surface of the retina, concentric to a swollen disc.striae retinae;
pectinate l. the l. between the simple columnar epithelium of the rectum and the stratified epithelium of the anal canal.linea anocutanea [NA], anocutaneous l., dentate l;
pectineal l. a ridge running down the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur from the lesser trochanter to which the pectineus muscle attaches; continuous superiorly with intertrochanteric line and inferiorly with the medial lip of the linea aspera.linea pectinea [NA];
pectineal l. of pubis pecten pubis
pleural l.'s on a chest radiograph, the shadow of the soft tissues between the aerated lung and the bones of the thorax.Correra's l;
pleuroesophageal l. on a frontal chest radiograph, the image of the interface between the right lung and esophagus, the boundary of the azygoesophageal recess.
Poirier's l. a l. extending from the nasion to the lambda.
popliteal l. soleal l
postaxillary l. posterior axillary l
posterior axillary l. a vertical line extending inferiorly from the posterior axillary fold.linea axillaris posterior [NA], linea postaxillaris [NA], postaxillary l;
posterior junction l. radiographic image of the mediastinal septum between the upper lobes behind the esophagus, above the aortic arch.
posterior median l. the line of intersection of the midsagittal plane with the posterior surface of the body.linea mediana posterior [NA];
Poupart's l. a vertical l. passing through the center of the inguinal ligament on either side; it marks off the hypochondriac, lumbar, and iliac from the epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric regions, respectively.
preaxillary l. anterior axillary l
Reid's base l. a l. drawn from the inferior margin of the orbit to the auricular point (center of the orifice of the external acoustic meatus) and extending backward to the center of the occipital bone. Used as the zero plane in computed tomography.
retentive fulcrum l. 1. an imaginary l. connecting the retentive points of clasp arms on retaining teeth adjacent to mucosa-borne denture bases; 2. an imaginary l. connecting the retentive points of clasp arms, around which l. the denture tends to rotate when subjected to forces such as the pull of sticky foods.
l.'s of Retzius calcification l.'s of Retzius
Richter-Monro l. Monro-Richter l
Roser-Nélaton l. Nélaton's l
rough l. linea aspera
sagittal l. any l. parallel to the midline, indicating a sagittal plane.
Salter's incremental l.'s transverse l.'s sometimes seen in dentin, due to improper calcification.
S-BP l. a l. connecting the sella with the Bolton point; it indicates the posterior portion of the cranial base in cephalometrics.
scapular l. a vertical line passing through the inferior angle of the scapula.linea scapularis [NA];
Schreger's l.'s Hunter-Schreger bands, under band
semicircular l. arcuate l. of rectus sheath
semicircular l. of Douglas a crescent-shaped l. that defines the end of the posterior fascial sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle.
semilunar l. linea semilunaris
septal l.'s radiographic images of thickened interlobular septa, most often along the lateral border of lung, extending to pleura; Kerley A and B l.'s; usually caused by septal edema and fibrosis, also carcinomatosis.
Sergent's white l. white l. (2)
Shenton's l. a curved l. formed by the top of the obturator foramen and the inner side of the neck of the femur, seen on an anteroposterior frontal radiograph of a normal hip joint; it is disturbed in lesions of the joint such as dislocation or fracture.
S-N l. a l. connecting a point (S) representing the center of the sella turcica with the frontonasal junction (N); it denotes the anterior portion of the cranial base in cephalometrics.
soleal l. a ridge which extends obliquely downward and medially across the back of the tibia from the fibular articular facet; it gives origin to the soleus muscle.linea musculi solei [NA], l. for soleus muscle, linea poplitea, popliteal l;
l. for soleus muscle soleal l
Spigelius' l. linea semilunaris
spiral l. intertrochanteric l
stabilizing fulcrum l. an imaginary l. connecting occlusal rests, around which l. the denture tends to rotate under masticatory force.
sternal l. a vertical line corresponding to the lateral margin of the sternum.linea sternalis [NA];
Stocker's l. a fine l. of pigment in the corneal epithelium near the head of a pterygium.
subcostal l. a transverse l. transecting the inferiormost border of the thoracic cage, indicating the subcostal plane. See also subcostal plane.linea subcostalis [NA];
superior nuchal l. the ridge that extends laterally from the external occipital protuberance toward the lateral angle of the occipital bone; it gives attachment to the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and splenius capitis muscles.linea nuchae superior [NA];
superior temporal l. the upper of two curved lines on the parietal bone; the temporal fascia is attached to it.linea temporalis superior [NA], temporal ridge;
supracrestal l. a transverse l. transecting the high point of both iliac crests, indicating the supracristal plane. See also supracristal plane.linea supracristalis [NA];
survey l. 1. a l. scribed on an abutment tooth of a dental cast by means of a dental surveyor indicating the height of contour of the tooth according to a specific path of insertion; 2. a l. which serves as a guide in the proper location of various parts of a clasp assembly for a removable partial denture.clasp guideline, Cummer's guideline;
Sydney l. Sydney crease
sylvian l. the l. of the posterior limb of the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) of the cerebral cortex.
temporal l. See inferior temporal l., superior temporal l.
tender l.'s Head's l.'s
terminal l. linea terminalis
Topinard's l. a l. running between the glabella and the mental point.
tram l.'s the images of bronchial walls, usually thickened; colloq., British.radiographic parallel line shadows;
transverse l.'s of sacrum one of four ridges that cross the pelvic surface of the sacrum; these mark the positions of the intervertebral disks between the bodies of the five sacral vertebrae in the immature bone.lineae transversa ossi sacri [NA];
trapezoid l. the area on the inferior surface of the clavicle near its lateral extremity on which the trapezoid ligament attaches.linea trapezoidea [NA], trapezoid ridge;
Ullmann's l. the l. of displacement in spondylolisthesis.
Vesling's l. scrotal raphe
vibrating l. the imaginary l. across the posterior part of the palate, marking the division between the movable and immovable tissues.
l. of vision visual axis
Voigt's l.'s Futcher's l
Wegner's l. a narrow, whitish, slightly curved l. representing an area of preliminary calcification at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone, related to syphilitic epiphysitis.
white l. 1. linea alba 2. a pale streak appearing within 30 to 60 seconds after stroking the skin with a fingernail, and lasting for several minutes; regarded as a sign of diminished arterial tension.Sergent's white l;
white l. of anal canal a bluish pink, narrow, wavy zone in the mucosa of the anal canal below the pectinate l. at the level of the interval between the subcutaneous part of the external sphincter and the lower border of the internal sphincter, said to be palpable.Hilton's white l;
white l. of Toldt 1. lateral reflection of posterior parietal pleura of abdomen over the mesentery of the ascending and descending colon. 2. junction of parietal peritoneum with Denonvillieri's fascia.
Z l. a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofibrils and serving as the anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere.intermediate disk, Z band, Z disk;
l.'s of Zahn riblike markings seen by the naked eye on the surface of antemortem thrombi; they consist of a branching framework of platelets and fibrin separating the coagulated blood cells.striae of Zahn;
Zöllner's l.'s figures devised to show the possibility of optical illusions; a common one consists of two parallel l.'s which are met by numerous short lines obliquely placed; the parallel lines then seeming to converge or diverge.

linea linea, gen and pl. lineae (lin´e-a, -e-e) [NA]

line [L.]
l. al´ba [NA] a fibrous band running vertically the entire length of the center of the anterior abdominal wall, receiving the attachments of the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles.Hunter's line, white line (1);
lin´eae albican´tes striae cutis distensae, under stria
l. anocuta´nea [NA] pectinate line
l. arcua´ta [NA] arcuate line
l. arcua´ta os´sis il´ii [NA] arcuate line of ilium
l. arcua´ta vagi´nae mus´culi rec´ti abdom´inis [NA] arcuate line of rectus sheath See also rectus sheath, posterior layer of rectus abdominis sheath.
l. as´pera [NA] a rough ridge with two pronounced lips running down the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur; the lateral lip of the linea aspera is a continuation of the gluteal tuberosity, the medial lip of the intertrochanteric line; it affords attachment to the vastus medialis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, the short head of the biceps, and the vastus lateralis muscles as well as to the intermuscular septa of the thigh.rough line;
lin´eae atroph´icae striae cutis distensae, under stria
l. axilla´ris ante´rior [NA] anterior axillary line
l. axilla´ris me´dia [NA] midaxillary line
l. axilla´ris poste´rior [NA] posterior axillary line
l. cor´neae seni´lis arcus cornealis
l. epiphysia´lis [NA] epiphysial line
l. glu´tea [NA] gluteal line
l. glu´tea ante´rior anterior gluteal line. See gluteal line.
l. glutea inferior inferior gluteal line. See gluteal line.
l. glutea posterior posterior gluteal line. See gluteal line.
l. intercondyla´ris fem´oris [NA] intercondylar line of femur
l. interme´dia cris´tae ili´acae [NA] intermediate line of iliac crest
l. interspina´lis [NA] interspinal line See also interspinal plane.
l. intertrochanter´ica [NA] intertrochanteric line
l. intertubercula´ris [NA] intertubercular line See also intertubercular plane.
l. mamilla´ris [NA] mamillary line
l. media´na ante´rior [NA] anterior median line
l. media´na poste´rior [NA] posterior median line
l. medio-axilla´ris [NA] * official alternate term for midaxillary line, midaxillary line
l. medioclavicula´ris [NA] midclavicular line
l. mus´culi sol´ei [NA] soleal line
l. mylohyoi´dea [NA] mylohyoid line
l. ni´gra the l. alba in pregnancy, which then becomes pigmented.black line;
l. nu´chae infe´rior [NA] inferior nuchal line
l. nu´chae media´na external occipital crest
l. nu´chae supe´rior [NA] superior nuchal line
l. nu´chae supre´ma [NA] highest nuchal line
l. obli´qua [NA] oblique line
l. obliqua cartilag´inis thyroi´dea [NA] oblique line of thyroid cartilage
l. obliqua mandib´ulae [NA] oblique line of mandible
l. parasterna´lis [NA] parasternal line
l. paravertebra´lis [NA] paravertebral line
l. pecti´nea [NA] pectineal line
l. poplit´ea soleal line
l. postaxilla´ris [NA] * official alternate term for posterior axillary line, posterior axillary line
l. preaxilla´ris [NA] * official alternate term for anterior axillary line, anterior axillary line
l. scapula´ris [NA] scapular line
l. semicircula´ris arcuate line of rectus sheath
l. semiluna´ris [NA] the slight groove in the external abdominal wall parallel to the lateral edge of the rectus sheath.semilunar line, Spigelius' line;
l. spira´lis intertrochanteric line
l. splen´dens a thickened band of pia mater along the midline of the anterior surface of the spinal cord.Haller's line;
l. sterna´lis [NA] sternal line
l. subcosta´lis [NA] subcostal line See also subcostal plane.
l. supracrista´lis [NA] supracrestal line See also supracrestal plane.
l. tempora´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior temporal line
l. tempora´lis supe´rior [NA] superior temporal line
l. termina´lis [NA] an oblique ridge on the inner surface of the ilium and continued on the pubis, which forms the lower boundary of the iliac fossa; it separates the true from the false pelvis.iliopectineal line, terminal line;
lineae transver´sa ossi sacri [NA] transverse lines of sacrum, under line
l. trapezoi´dea [NA] trapezoid line

lineage lineage (lIn´aj, lin´e-aj)

Descent in a line from a common progenitor or source. [O. Fr. ligne, line of descent]

linear linear (lin´e-ar)

Pertaining to or resembling a line.

linebreeding linebreeding

Practice of successive inbreeding of closely related individuals with the object of concentrating desirable or scientifically interesting genetic characteristics of some individual or group.

liner liner (lI´ner)

A layer of protective material.
asbestos l. a layer of asbestos used to line a dental casting ring so that during the heating and expansion of the investment the compression of the l. will free the investment from the restraint of the ring.
cavity l. varnish (dental)

LINES LINES

Abbreviation for long interspersed elements, under element.

Lineweaver Lineweaver

Hans, U.S. physical chemist, *1907. See L.-Burk equation, plot.

Ling Ling

Per Henrik, Swedish hygienist, 1776-1839. See L.'s method.

Lingelsheimia Lingelsheimia (lin´jels-hiI´me-a)

Acinetobacter [W. von Lingelsheim]
L. anitra´ta Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

lingism lingism (ling´izm)

Ling's method

lingua lingua, gen and pl. linguae (ling´gwa, ling´gwe) [NA]

1. tongue (1) 2. tongue (2) [L. tongue]
l. cerebel´li lingula of cerebellum
l. dissec´ta geographic tongue
l. fissura´ta fissured tongue
l. frena´ta a tongue with a very short frenum constituting tongue-tie.
l. geograph´ica geographic tongue
l. ni´gra black tongue
l. plica´ta fissured tongue

lingual lingual (ling´gwal)

1. Relating to the tongue or any tongue-like part.glossal; 2. Next to or toward the tongue.

Linguatula Linguatula (ling-gwat´yu-la)

A genus of endoparasitic bloodsucking arthropods (family Linguatulidae, class Pentastomida), commonly known as tongue worms; once thought to be degenerate Acarina, but now generally considered to be a small but distinctive early offshoot of the Arthropoda. Adult worms are found in lungs or air passages of various hosts (e.g., reptiles, birds, carnivores); young worms are found in a great variety of hosts, including humans, but chiefly in animals that serve as prey. [L. linguatulus, tongued]
L. rhina´ria L. serrata
L. serra´ta a species most common in Europe, but also found in the United States, South America, and probably elsewhere; the adult is a whitish, soft, flattened, annulated worm equipped with hooks by which it attaches itself to the nasal mucosa of dogs and other canids; the larvae develop in the liver and lymph nodes of rodents, swine, cattle, and sometimes man and other primates.L. rhinaria;

linguatuliasis linguatuliasis (ling-gwat-yu-lI´a-sis)

Infection with Linguatula. See also halzoun.

Linguatulidae Linguatulidae (ling-gwat´yu-li-de)

One of the families of Pentastomida of medical interest, the other being the Porocephalidae. L. have flattened bodies; adults inhabit the nasal cavities of various carnivores, such as the dog and cat, and larval forms are found in tissues of rodents, herbivores, and other animals; both larvae and adults have been reported from humans.

linguiform linguiform (ling´gwi-form)

Tongue-shaped.

lingula lingula, pl. lingulae (ling´gyu-la, -le) [NA]

1. A term applied to several tongue-shaped processes. 2. When not qualified, the l. of cerebellum. [L. dim. of lingua, tongue]
l. cerebel´li [NA] l. of cerebellum
l. of cerebellum a tongue-shaped sequence of flattened cerebellar folia forming the anterior (or superior) extreme of the cerebellar vermis, extending forward on the surface of the superior medullary velum between the two emerging superior cerebellar peduncles.l. cerebelli [NA], lingua cerebelli, tongue of cerebellum;
l. of left lung an inferomedial projection from the anterior aspect of the upper lobe of the left lung which bounds the cardiac notch inferiorly.l. pulmonis sinistri [NA];
l. of mandible a pointed tongue of bone overlapping the mandibular foramen, giving attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament.l. mandibulae [NA], mandibular tongue, Spix's spine;
l. mandib´ulae [NA] l. of mandible
l. pulmo´nis sinis´tri [NA] l. of left lung
l. sphenoida´lis [NA] a slender process projecting posteriorly between the body and greater wing of the sphenoid bone, on either side, forming the lateral margin of the carotid groove. In the dry skull, it projects into the foramen laccrum.

lingular lingular (ling´gyu-lar)

Pertaining to any lingula.

lingulectomy lingulectomy (ling´gyu-lek´to-me)

1. glossectomy 2. Excision of the lingular portion of the left upper lobe of the lung.

linguo- linguo-

The tongue. [L. lingua]

linguoclination linguoclination (ling´gwo-kli-na´shun)

Axial inclination of a tooth when the crown is inclined toward the tongue more than is normal.

linguoclusion linguoclusion (ling-gwo-klu´zhun)

Displacement of a tooth toward the interior of the dental arch, or toward the tongue. See also lingual occlusion (2).lingual occlusion (1);

linguodistal linguodistal (ling-gwo-dis´tal)

Relating to the lingual and distal part of the tooth, e.g., the l. cusp. See also distolingual.

linguogingival linguogingival (ling-gwo-jin´ji-val)

1. Relating to the gingival third of the lingual surface of a tooth. 2. Relating to the angle or point of junction of the lingual border and gingival line on the distal or mesial surface of an incisor tooth.

linguo-occlusal linguo-occlusal (ling´gwo-o-klu´sal)

Relating to the line of junction of the lingual and occlusal surfaces of a tooth.

linguopapillitis linguopapillitis (ling´gwo-pap´i-lI´tis)

Small painful ulcers involving the papillae on the tongue margins.

linguoplate linguoplate (ling´gwo-plat)

A partial denture major connector formed as a lingual bar extended to cover the cingula of the lower anterior teeth.lingual plate;

linguoversion linguoversion (ling´gwo-ver-zhun)

Malposition of a tooth lingual to the normal position.

liniment liniment (lin´i-ment)

A liquid preparation for external application or application to the gums; they may be clear dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions, and are frequently applied by friction to the skin; used as counterirritants, rubefacients, anodynes, or cleansing agents. [L., fr. lino, to smear]

linin linin (lI´nin)

1. A bitter glycoside obtained from Linum catharticum (family Linaceae). 2. A protein in linseed. 3. Obsolete term for the threadlike, nonstaining (achromatic) substance of the cell nucleus, on which chromatin granules were thought to be suspended. [L. linum, fr. G. linon, flax]

lining lining (lIn´ing)

A coating applied to the pulpal wall(s) of a restorative dental preparation to protect the pulp from thermal or chemical irritation; usually a vehicle containing a varnish, resin, and/or calcium hydroxide.

linitis linitis (li-nI´tis, lI-nI´tis)

Inflammation of cellular tissue, specifically of the perivascular tissue of the stomach. [G. linon, flax, linen cloth, + -itis, inflammation]
l. plas´tica originally believed to be an inflammatory condition, but now recognized to be due to infiltrating scirrhous carcinoma causing extensive thickening of the wall of the stomach; often called leather-bottle stomach.

linkage linkage (lingk´ij)

1. A chemical covalent bond. 2. The relationship between syntenic loci sufficiently close that the respective alleles are not inherited independently by the offspring; a characteristic of loci, not genes.
genetic l. See linkage (2).
medical record l. the assemblage of lifetime or long-term individual medical histories from vital and medical data derived from multiple sources.
record l. a method of assembling the information contained in two or more sets of medical records, or a set of medical records and vital records such as birth or death certificates, and a procedure to ensure that each individual's records are counted only once; facilitated by a unique numbering system such as the Hogben number or soundex code to identify individuals with precision.
sex l. inheritance of a trait or a sex chromosome or gonosome. A man receives all his sex-linked genes from his mother and transmits them all to his daughters but not to his sons; a recessive sex-linked character is much more likely to be expressed in the male. See also sex chromosomes, under chromosome.

linkage map linkage map

An abstract mathematical representation of genetic loci that conserves order of loci which are spaced in such a way that the distances are algebraically additive; conventionally, a map is scaled so that as distances between loci become smaller the ratio of the map distance to the value of the recombination fraction approaches 1 and independently assorting loci are infinitely far apart.

linked linked

Said of two genetic loci that exhibit genetic linkage.

linker linker

A fragment of synthetic DNA containing a restriction site that may be used for splicing genes.

linker scanning linker scanning

A type of deletion mutagenesis where the distance and/or reading frame between potentially important regions is maintained by replacement with a synthetic oligonucleotide of known sequence.

Linné Linné

Carl von, Swedish botanist and physician, 1707-1778. See linnaean system of nomenclature.

Linognathus Linognathus (li-nog´na-thus)

A genus of sucking lice (order Anoplura, family Linognathidae) that includes the species L. africanus, the African blue louse of sheep and goats; L. ovillus, the sheep body louse; L. pedalis, the foot louse of sheep; L. setosus, the sucking louse of the dog and other canids; L. stenopsis, the sucking louse of goats; and L. vituli, the "long-nosed" sucking louse, ox louse, or blue louse of cattle. [G. linon, flax, thread, + gnathos, jaw]

linoleate linoleate (li-no´le-at)

Salt of linoleic acid.

linoleic acid linoleic acid (lin-o-le´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₃(CH₂CH=CH)₂(CH₂)₇COOH; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid;a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycerides, that is essential in nutrition in mammals.linolic acid; [L. linum, flax, + oleum, oil]

linolenic acid linolenic acid (lin-o-len´ik)

CH₃(CH₂CH=CH)₃(CH₂)₇COOH; 9,12,15-cctadecatrienoic acid;an unsaturated fatty acid that is essential in nutrition. gamma-l.a. is 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid.

linolic acid linolic acid

linoleic acid

linseed linseed (lin´sed)

The dried ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum (family Linaceae), flax, the fiber of which is used in the manufacture of linen; an infusion was used as a demulcent in catarrhal affections of the respiratory and urogenital tracts, and the ground seeds are used in making poultices.flaxseed; [G. linon, flax]
l. oil a fatty oil expressed from the ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum; used in the preparation of lime liniment.flaxseed oil;

lint lint

A soft, absorbent material used in surgical dressings, usually in the form of a thick, loosely woven material (sheet or patent l.). [O.E. lin, flax]

lio- lio-

See leio-.

liotrix liotrix (lI´o-triks)

A mixture of liothyronine sodium and levothyroxine sodium; used as a thyroid hormone.

LIP LIP

Acronym for lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia or lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.

lip lip

1. One of the two muscular folds with an outer mucosa having a stratified squamous epithelial surface layer that bound the mouth anteriorly. 2. Any liplike structure bounding a cavity or groove. See also labium, labrum.labium (1) [NA]; [A.S. lippa]
acetabular l. acetabular labrum
anterior l. of uterine os the portion of the vaginal part of the uterine cervix that bounds the ostium anteriorly intervening between the ostium and the anterior vaginal fornix. It is slightly shorter than l. posterius.labium anterius ostii uteri [NA];
articular l. articular labrum
cleft l. a congenital facial deformity of the l. (usually the upper l.) due to failure of mesodermal penetration of the ectodermal grooves at the line of fusion of the medial and lateral nasal prominences and maxillary process; frequently but not necessarily associated with cleft alveolus and cleft palate. In many families and in various forms [MIM*119300, *119500, *119530, *119540, and *119550] there seems to be autosomal dominant inheritance; likewise for X-linked inheritance [MIM*303400]. But generally, as with the supposed autosomal dominant recessive forms, the genetics is more confusing and may represent a variable feature of a syndrome.harelip;
double l. congenital or acquired excess tissue on the inner mucosal aspect of the l.; may be a manifestation of Ascher's syndrome.
external l. of iliac crest the roughened outer margin of the crest that gives attachment to the external oblique and latissimus dorsi muscles above and to the fasciae latae and the tensor fascia lata muscle below.labium externum cristae iliacae [NA];
glenoidal l. glenoid labrum
Hapsburg l. See Hapsburg jaw.
internal l. of iliac crest the roughened inner margin of the crest that gives attachment to parts of the transversus abdominis, quadratus lumborum, and erector spinae muscles.labium internum cristae iliacae [NA];
large pudendal l. labium majus
lateral l. of linea aspera the lateral margin of the linea aspera of the femur that gives attachment to the lateral intermuscular septum and the short head of the biceps femoris muscles.labium laterale lineae asperae [NA];
lower l. the muscular fold bounding the opening of the mouth inferiorly.labium inferius oris [NA];
medial l. of linea aspera the medial margin of the linea aspera of the femur that provides attachment for part of the vastus medialis muscle.labium mediale lineae asperae [NA];
l.'s of mouth lips of the mouth.labia oris [NA];
posterior l. of uterine os the portion of the uterine cervix that bounds the ostium posteriorly. It is slightly longer than l. anterius, intervening between the cervical canal and the posterior fornix of the vagina.labium posterius ostii uteri [NA];
rhombic l. the thickened alar plate of the embryonic rhombencephalon.
small pudendal l. labium minus
tympanic l. of limbus of spiral lamina tympanic labium of limbus of spiral lamina
upper l. the muscular fold forming the superior border of the mouth.labium superius oris [NA];
vestibular l. of limbus of spiral lamina vestibular labium of limbus of spiral lamina

lip- lip-

See lipo-.

lipancreatin lipancreatin (li-pan´kre-a-tin, -kre´a-tin)

pancrelipase

liparocele liparocele (lip´a-ro-sel)

An omental hernia. [G. liparos, fatty, + kele, tumor, hernia]

lipase lipase (lip´as)

In general, any fat-splitting or lipolytic enzyme; a carboxylesterase; e.g., triacylglycerol lipase, phospholipase A₂, lipoprotein lipase.

lipectomy lipectomy (lip-ek´to-me)

Surgical removal of fatty tissue, as in cases of adiposity. [lipo- + G. ektome, excision]

lipedema lipedema (lip´e-de´ma)

Chronic swelling, usually of the lower extremities, particularly in middle-aged women, caused by the widespread even distribution of subcutaneous fat and fluid. [lipo- + G. oidema, swelling]

lipemia lipemia (lip-e´me-a)

The presence of an abnormally large amount of lipids in the circulating blood.hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoidemia, lipidemia, lipoidemia; [lipid + G. haima, blood]
alimentary l. relatively transient l. occurring after the ingestion of foods with a large content of fat.postprandial l;
diabetic l. development of lactescent plasma upon ingestion of dietary lipids; a rare manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus caused by defective metabolism of dietary lipids and abolished by the administration of insulin.
postprandial l. alimentary l
l. retina´lis a creamy appearance of the retinal blood vessels that occurs when the lipids of the blood exceed 5%.

lipemic lipemic (li-pe´mik)

Relating to lipemia.

lipid lipid (lip´id)

"Fat-soluble," an operational term describing a solubility characteristic, not a chemical substance, i.e., denoting substances extracted from animal or vegetable cells by nonpolar or "fat" solvents; included in the heterogeneous collection of materials thus extractable are fatty acids, glycerides and glyceryl ethers, phospholipids, sphingolipids, alcohols and waxes, terpenes, steroids, and "fat-soluble" vitamins A, D, and E. [G. lipos, fat]
anisotropic l. a l. in the form of doubly refractive droplets.
annular l. the layer(s) of l. bound to and/or surrounding an integral membrane protein.
brain l. impure cephalin possessing marked hemostatic action when locally applied.
compound l.'s heterolipids
isotropic l. a l. occurring in the form of singly refractive droplets.
simple l.'s homolipids

lipidemia lipidemia (lip´i-de´me-a)

lipemia

lipidolytic lipidolytic (lip´I-do-lit´ik)

Causing breakdown of lipid. [lipid + G. lysis, loosening]

lipidosis lipidosis, pl. lipidoses (lip-i-do´sis, -sez)

Hereditary abnormality of lipid metabolism that results in abnormal amounts of lipid deposition; classification is typically based on the responsible enzymatic deficiency and type of lipid involved. Such enzymatic activity takes place in the lysosomes, and the abnormal products appear as lysosomal storage diseases. Sphingolipidoses make up the largest portion of recognized lipidoses, including abnormal metabolism of gangliosides, ceramides, and cerebrosides. [lipid + G. -osis, condition]
ceramide lactoside l. an inherited disorder associated with an accumulation of ceramide lactoside due to a deficiency of ceramide lactosidase; results in progressive brain damage with liver and spleen enlargement.
cerebral l. cerebral sphingolipidosis
cerebroside l. Gaucher's disease
ganglioside l. gangliosidosis
glycolipid l. Fabry's disease
sphingomyelin l. Niemann-Pick disease
sulfatide l. metachromatic leukodystrophy

Lipmann Lipmann

Fritz A., German-U.S. biochemist in the U.S. and Nobel laureate, 1899-1986. See Warburg-L.-Dickens-Horecker shunt.

lipo- lipo- , lip-

Fatty, lipid. [G. lipos, fat]

lipoamide lipoamide (lip-o-am´Id, -am´id)

See lipoic acid.

lipoamide dehydrogenase lipoamide dehydrogenase

dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

lipoamide disulfide lipoamide disulfide

Oxidized lipoic acid in amide combination with the epsi-amino group of an l-lysyl residue of pyruvic acid dehydrogenase.

lipoamide reductase (NADH) lipoamide reductase (NADH)

dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

lipoarthritis lipoarthritis (lip´o-ar-thrI´tis)

Inflammation of the periarticular fatty tissues of the knee. [lipo- + arthritis]

lipoate lipoate (lip´o-at)

A salt or ester of lipoic acid.

lipoate acetyltransferase lipoate acetyltransferase

dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase

lipoatrophia lipoatrophia (lip´o-a-tro´fe-a)

lipoatrophy
l. annula´ris a rare condition of unknown cause characterized by localized panatrophy, a depressed area encircling the arm with sclerosis and atrophy of fat.
l. circumscrip´ta localized fat atrophy.

lipoatrophy lipoatrophy (lip-o-at´ro-fe)

Loss of subcutaneous fat, which may be total, congenital, and associated with hepatomegaly, excessive bone growth, and insulin-resistant diabetes.Lawrence-Seip syndrome, lipoatrophia, lipoatrophic diabetes; [G. lipos, fat, + a-, priv. + trophe, nourishment]
insulin l. insulin lipodystrophy
partial l. progressive lipodystrophy

lipoblast lipoblast (lip´o-blast)

An embryonic fat cell. [lipo- + G. blastos, germ]

lipoblastoma lipoblastoma (lip´o-blas-to´ma)

1. liposarcoma 2. A benign subcutaneous tumor composed of embryonal fat cells separated into distinct lobules, occurring usually in infants.

lipoblastomatosis lipoblastomatosis (lip´o-blas-to-ma-to´sis)

A diffuse form of lipoblastoma that infiltrates locally but does not metastasize.

lipocardiac lipocardiac (lip´o-kar´de-ak)

1. Relating to fatty heart. 2. Denoting a person suffering from fatty degeneration of the heart. [lipo- + G. kardia, heart]

lipocatabolic lipocatabolic (lip´o-kat-a-bol´ik)

Relating to the breakdown (catabolism) of fat.

lipoceratous lipoceratous (lip-o-ser´a-tus)

adipoceratous

lipocere lipocere (lip´o-ser)

adipocere [lipo- + L. cera, wax]

lipochondria lipochondria (lip´o-kon´dre-a)

Temporary storage vacuoles of lipids found in the Golgi apparatus. See also phytosterolemia. [lipo- + mitochondria]

lipochondrodystrophy lipochondrodystrophy (lip´o-kon-dro-dis´tro-fe)

Hurler's syndrome

lipochrome lipochrome (lip´o-krom)

1. A pigmented lipid, e.g., lutein, carotene.chromolipid; 2. A term sometimes used to designate the wear-and-tear pigments, e.g., lipofuscin, hemofuscin, ceroid. More precisely, l.'s are yellow pigments that seem to be identical to carotene and xanthophyll and are frequently found in the serum, skin, adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and arteriosclerotic plaques, as well as in the liver, spleen, and adipose tissue; l.'s do not stain with the ordinary dyes for fat. 3. The pigment produced by certain bacteria. [lipo- + G. chroma, color]

lipoclasis lipoclasis (li-pok´la-sis)

lipolysis [lipo- + G. klasis, a breaking]

lipoclastic lipoclastic (lip-o-klas´tik)

lipolytic

lipocrit lipocrit (lip´o-krit)

An apparatus and procedure for separating and volumetrically analyzing the amount of lipid in blood or other body fluid. [lipo- + G. krino, to separate]

lipocyte lipocyte (lip´o-sIt)

fat-storing cell [lipo- + G. kytos, cell]

lipodermoid lipodermoid (lip-o-der´moyd)

Congenital, yellowish-white, fatty, benign tumor located subconjunctivally. [lipo- + dermoid]

lipodieresis lipodieresis (lip´o-dI-er´e-sis)

lipolysis [lipo- + G. dieresis, division]

lipodystrophia lipodystrophia (lip´o-dis-tro´fe-a)

lipodystrophy
l. intestina´lis obsolete term for Whipple's disease.
l. progessi´va supe´rior progressive lipodystrophy

lipodystrophy lipodystrophy (lip-o-dis´tro-fe) [MIM*157660]

Defective metabolism of fat.lipodystrophia; [lipo- + G. dys-, bad, difficult, + trophe, nourishment]
congenital total l. [MIM*151680, MIM*151670, MIM*308908] l. characterized by almost complete lack of subcutaneous fat, accelerated rate of growth and skeletal development during the first 3 to 4 years of life, muscular hypertrophy, cardiac enlargement, hepatosplenomegaly, hypertrichosis, renal enlargement, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypermetabolism; both autosomal dominant and X-linked varieties exist.
familial l. [MIM*157680] autosomal dominant; partial lip associated with multifacial hypoplasin, retarded bone age, and hypotichosis.
insulin l. dystrophic atrophy of subcutaneous tissues in diabetics at the site of frequent injections of insulin.insulin lipoatrophy;
intestinal l. obsolete term for Whipple's disease.
membranous l. a rare metabolic disease in which bone marrow fat cells are transformed into thick convoluted PAS-staining membranes enclosing weakly osmophilic material; leads to progressive cystic resorption of limb bones and dementia with sudanophilic leukodystrophy.
partial face-sparing l. a syndrome beginning at puberty that resembles total l. but is inherited as an autosomal or X-linked dominant form.
progressive l. a condition characterized by a complete loss of the subcutaneous fat of the upper part of the torso, the arms, neck, and face, sometimes with an increase of fat in the tissues about and below the pelvis.Barraquer's disease, lipodystrophia progessiva superior, partial lipoatrophy, Simons' disease;

lipoedema lipoedema (lip´o-e-de´ma)

Edema of subcutaneous fat, causing painful swellings, especially of the legs in women.cellulite (2);

lipofectin lipofectin (lIp´o-fek´tin)

A mixture predominantly of phospholipids used for aiding in the transfer of DNA into cells.

lipofection lipofection (lIp´o-fek´shun)

The process of injecting a lipid-complexed or contained DNA into eucaryotic cells. [lipo- + transfection]

lipoferous lipoferous (lip-of´er-us)

Transporting fat. [lipo- + L. fero, to carry]

lipofibroma lipofibroma (lip´o-fI-bro´ma)

A benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue, with conspicuous numbers of adipose cells.

lipofuscin lipofuscin (lip-o-fyus´in)

Brown pigment granules representing lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion and considered one of the aging or "wear and tear" pigments; found in liver, kidney, heart muscle, adrenal, and ganglion cells.

lipofuscinosis lipofuscinosis (lip´o-fyus-i-no´sis)

Abnormal storage of any one of a group of fatty pigments.
ceroid l. cerebral sphingolipidosis, late juvenile type.
neuronal l. a group of diseases characterized by accumulation of abnormal pigments in tissue (previously classified as cerebral sphingolipidoses). Major subtypes include chronic juvenile form (Batten disease), slowly progressive behavior and visual symptoms, autosomal recessive inheritance; acute, late infantile form (Bielschowsky disease); autosomal recessive inheritance; chronic adult form (Kufs disease), variable inheritance; acute infantile form (Santavuori-Haltia disease), fulminating motor and mental deterioration often associated with myoclonic seizures. Minor forms have also been described.

lipogenesis lipogenesis (lip-o-jen´e-sis)

The production of fat, either fatty degeneration or fatty infiltration; also applied to the normal deposition of fat or to the conversion of carbohydrate or protein to fat.adipogenesis; [lipo- + G. genesis, production]

lipogenic lipogenic (lip-o-jen´ik)

Relating to lipogenesis.adipogenic, adipogenous, lipogenous;

lipogenous lipogenous (li-poj´e-nus)

lipogenic

lipogranuloma lipogranuloma (lip´o-gran-yu-lo´ma)

A nodule or focus of granulomatous inflammation (usually of the foreign-body type) in association with lipid material deposited in tissues, e.g., after the injection of certain oils. See also paraffinoma.eleoma, oil tumor, oleogranuloma, oleoma;

lipogranulomatosis lipogranulomatosis (lip´o-gran´yu-lo-ma-to´sis)

1. Presence of lipogranulomas. 2. Local inflammatory reaction to necrosis of adipose tissue.
disseminated l. a form of mucolipodosis, developing soon after birth because of deficiency of ceramidase; characterized by swollen joints, subcutaneous nodules, lymphadenopathy, and accumulation in lysosomes of affected cells of PAS-positive lipid consisting of ceramide.Farber's disease, Farber's syndrome;

lipohemia lipohemia (lip-o-he´me-a)

Obsolete term for lipemia.

lipoic acid lipoic acid (li-po´ik)

6,8-Dimercapto-octanoic acid;functions as the amide (lipoamide) in the oxidized (-S-S-) form in the transfer of "active aldehyde" (acetyl), the two-carbon fragment resulting from decarboxylation of pyruvate, from a-hydroxyethylthiamin pyrophosphate to acetyl-CoA, itself being reduced (to the -SH HS- form; i.e., dihydrolipoic acid) in the process; present in yeast and liver extracts, and may be useful in the treatment of mushroom poisoning.acetate replacement factor, ovoprotogen, protogen, protogen A, pyruvate oxidation factor, thioctic acid;

lipoid lipoid (lip´oyd)

1. Resembling fat. 2. Former term for lipid.adipoid; [lipo- + G. eidos, appearance]

lipoidemia lipoidemia (lip-oy-de´me-a)

lipemia

lipoidosis lipoidosis (lip-oy-do´sis)

Presence of anisotropic lipoids in the cells.
cerebroside l. (ser-e´bro-sId) a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by accumulation of lipid in cells of affected tissue and commonly accompanied by a manifest derangement of central nervous system development; e.g., Gaucher's disease and Krabbe's disease.
l. cor´neae arcus cornealis
l. cu´tis et muco´sae lipoid proteinosis
galactosylceramide l. globoid cell leukodystrophy

lipolipoidosis lipolipoidosis (lip´o-lip-oy-do´sis)

Fatty infiltration, both neutral fats and anisotropic lipoids being present in the cells. See also liposis (2).

lipolysis lipolysis (li-pol´i-sis)

The splitting up (hydrolysis), or chemical decomposition, of fat.lipoclasis, lipodieresis; [lipo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

lipolytic lipolytic (lip-o-lit´ik)

Relating to or causing lipolysis.lipoclastic;

lipoma lipoma (li-po´ma)

A benign neoplasm of adipose tissue, comprised of mature fat cells.adipose tumor; [lipo- + G. -oma, tumor]
l. annula´re col´li an encircling growth of l. (or coalescent l.'s) in the neck, resulting in a collar-like enlargement. See also Madelung's neck.
l. arbores´cens an irregularly shaped l. involving the synovial membrane of a joint, resulting in fingerlike or treelike hyperplastic folds in the villi.
atypical l. l., occurring primarily in older men on the posterior neck, shoulders, and back, which is benign but microscopically atypical, containing giant cells with multiple overlapping nuclei forming a circle.pleomorphic l;
l. capsula´re a well-circumscribed mass resulting from a greatly increased amount of adipose tissue adjacent to the breast.
l. caverno´sum angiolipoma
l. fibro´sum fibrolipoma
infiltrating l. liposarcoma
lipoblastic l. liposarcoma
l. myxomatodes myxolipoma
l. ossif´icans a l. in which metaplasia occurs and small foci of bone are formed.
l. petri´ficans a l. in which degeneration and necrosis results in a considerable amount of dystrophic calcification.
pleomorphic l. atypical l
l. sarcomato´des , l. sarcomato´sum liposarcoma
spindle cell l. a microscopically distinctive form of l. in which adipose tissue is infiltrated by fibroblasts and collagen; usually found in the shoulder or neck of elderly men.
telangiectatic l. angiolipoma

lipomatoid lipomatoid (li-po´ma-toyd)

Resembling a lipoma, frequently said of accumulations of adipose tissue that is not thought to be neoplastic.

lipomatosis lipomatosis (lip´o-ma-to´sis)

adiposis
encephalocraniocutaneous l. a rare syndrome of multiple fibrolipomas or angiofibroma of the face, scalp, and neck present at birth, sometimes with symptomatic intracranial lipomas.
mediastinal l. increased mediastinal fat caused by taking steroids.
multiple symmetric l. accumulation and progressive enlargement of collections of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue of the head, neck, upper trunk, and upper portions of the upper extremities; seen primarily in adult males and of unknown cause.Launois-Bensaude syndrome, Madelung's disease, symmetric adenolipomatosis;
l. neurot´ica adiposis dolorosa

lipomatous lipomatous (li-po´ma-tus)

Pertaining to or manifesting the features of lipoma, or characterized by the presence of a lipoma (or lipomas).

lipomeningocele lipomeningocele (lip´o-me-ning´go-sel)

An intraspinal cauda equinal lipoma associated with a spina bifida. [lipo- + G. meninx, membrane, + kele, tumor]

lipomucopolysaccharidosis lipomucopolysaccharidosis (lip´o-myu´ko-pol-e-sak´a-ri-do´sis)

mucolipidosis I

liponucleoproteins liponucleoproteins (lip´o-nu´kle-o-pro´tenz)

Associations or complexes containing lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

Liponyssus Liponyssus (lip-o-nis´us)

Former name for Ornithonyssus. [lipo- + G. nysso, to prick]

lipopenia lipopenia (lip-o-pe´ne-a)

An abnormally small amount, or a deficiency, of lipids in the body. [lipo- + G. penia, poverty]

lipopenic lipopenic (lip-o-pe´nik)

1. Relating to or characterized by lipopenia. 2. An agent or drug that produces a reduction in the concentration of lipids in the blood.

lipopeptid lipopeptid , lipopeptide (lip-o-pep´tid, lip-o-pep´tId)

A compound or complex of lipid and amino acids.

lipophage lipophage (lip´o-faj)

A cell that ingests fat. [G. lipos, fat, + phago, to eat]

lipophagia lipophagia (lip-o-fa´je-a)

lipophagy
l. granulomato´sis obsolete term for Whipple's disease.

lipophagic lipophagic (lip-o-fa´jik)

Relating to lipophagy.

lipophagy lipophagy (lip-of´a-je)

Ingestion of fat by a lipophage.lipophagia; [lipo- + G. phagein, to eat]

lipophanerosis lipophanerosis (lip´o-fan-er-o´sis)

A change in certain cells whereby previously invisible fat becomes demonstrable as small sudanophilic droplets. See fatty degeneration. [lipo- + G. phaneros, visible, + -osis, condition]

lipophil lipophil (lip´o-fil)

A substance with lipophilic (hydrophobic) properties. [lipo- + G. philos, fond of]

lipophilic lipophilic (lip-o-fil´ik)

Capable of dissolving, of being dissolved in, or of absorbing lipids.

lipophosphodiesterase I lipophosphodiesterase I (lip´o-fos´-fo-dI-es´ter-as)

phospholipase C

lipophosphodiesterase II lipophosphodiesterase II

phospholipase D

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (lip´o-pol´e-sak´a-rId)

A compound or complex of lipid and carbohydrate; the l. (endotoxin) released from the cell walls of Gram-negative organisms that produces septic shock.

lipoprotein lipoprotein (lip-o-pro´ten)

Complexes or compounds containing lipid and protein. Almost all the lipids in plasma are present as l.'s and are therefore transported as such. Plasma l.'s migrate electrophoretically with the a- and beta-globulins, but are presently characterized by their flotation constants (densities, in g/ml) as follows: chylomicra, <0.93; very low density (VLDL), 0.93-1.006; intermediate density (IDL), 1.006-1.019; low density (LDL), 1.019-1.063; high density (HDL), 1.063-1.21 (divided into two classes: HDL₂ (1.063-1.125) and HDL₃ (1.125-1.21); very high density (VHDL), >1.21. They range in molecular weight from 175,000 to 1 x 10⁹ and from 4 to 98% lipid (the higher the density, the lower the lipid content). The very low- and low-density fractions appear in the beta₁-globulin fraction and are particularly rich in triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, respectively; the high-density and very high-density fractions appear in the a₁-globulin fraction. Levels of l.'s are important in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
intermediate density l. class of l.'s formed in degradation of very-low-density l.'s; about half are cleared quickly from the plasma into the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis; the other half are degraded into low density lipoproteins.
lipoprotein Lp(a) a l. composed of an LDL particle combined with an additional protein, Lp(a) specific protein; elevated levels have been identified as a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

a1-lipoprotein a₁-lipoprotein

A lipoprotein fraction of relatively low molecular weight, high density, rich in phospholipids, and found in the a₁-globulin fraction of human plasma.

beta1-lipoprotein beta₁-lipoprotein

A lipoprotein fraction of relatively high molecular weight, low density, rich in cholesterol, and found in the beta-globulin fraction of human plasma.

lipoprotein(a) lipoprotein(a) (lip-o-pro´ten)

A type of lipoprotein that has been found to be associated with apolipoprotein B and possibly with LDL; it is elevated in certain types of hyperlipoproteinemia and is associated with increased risk of coronary disease.

lipoprotein lipase lipoprotein lipase

An enzyme that hydrolyzes one fatty acid from a triacylglycerol; its activity is enhanced by heparin and inactivated by heparinase. It is activated by apolipoprotein C-II; a deficiency of l.l. is associated with familial hyperlipoproteinemia type I. See also familial lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, clearing factors, under factor.diacylglycerol lipase, diglyceride lipase;

lipoprotein-X lipoprotein-X

An abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with obstructive jaundice.

liposarcoma liposarcoma (lip´o-sar-ko´ma)

A malignant neoplasm of adults that occurs especially in the retroperitoneal tissues and the thigh, usually deep in the intermuscular or periarticular planes; histologically, l.'s are large tumors that may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated, either myxoid, round celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries; recurrences are common, and dedifferentiated l.'s metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces.infiltrating lipoma, lipoblastic lipoma, lipoblastoma (1), lipoma sarcomatodes, lipoma sarcomatosum; [lipo- + sarx, flesh, + -oma, tumor]

liposis liposis (li-po´sis)

1. adiposis 2. Fatty infiltration, neutral fats being present in the cells. See also lipolipoidosis. [lipo- + G. -osis, condition]

lipositol lipositol (lip-os´i-tol)

inositol

liposoluble liposoluble (lip-o-sol´yu-bl)

Fat-soluble.

liposome liposome (lip´o-som)

A spherical particle of lipid substance suspended in an aqueous medium within a tissue. [lipo- + G. soma, body]

liposuction liposuction (lip´o-suk-shun)

Method of removing unwanted subcutaneous fat using percutaneously placed suction tubes.

liposuctioning liposuctioning (lip´o-suk´shun-ing)

Removal of fat by high vacuum pressure; used in body contouring.

lipothiamide pyrophosphate lipothiamide pyrophosphate (lip-o-thI´am-Id)

Name once given to the coenzymes of the multi-enzyme complex catalyzing the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate and involving lipoamide and thiamin pyrophosphate, on the assumption that they were a single compound. See lipoic acid.

lipotrophic lipotrophic (lip-o-trof´ik)

Relating to lipotrophy.

lipotrophy lipotrophy (li-pot´ro-fe)

An increase of fat in the body. [lipo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

lipotropic lipotropic (lip-o-trop´ik)

1. Pertaining to substances preventing or correcting excessive fat deposits in liver such as occurs in choline deficiency. 2. Relating to lipotropy.

lipotropin lipotropin (li-po-tro´pin)

A pituitary hormone mobilizing fat from adipose tissue. beta-L. is a single-chain peptide of 91 amino acid residues that contains the sequences of endorphins, metenkephalin, and beta-melanotropin; gamma-l. is shorter and is identical in sequence to the first 58 residues of beta-lipotropin; both contain sequences common to ACTH and beta-melanotropin.lipid-mobilizing hormone, lipotropic hormone, lipotropic pituitary hormone;

lipotropy lipotropy (li-pot´ro-pe)

1. Affinity of basic dyes for fatty tissue. 2. Prevention of accumulation of fat in the liver. 3. Affinity of nonpolar substances for each other. [lipo- + G. trope, turning]

lipovaccine lipovaccine (lip´o-vak-sen)

A vaccine having a vegetable oil as a solvent. See adjuvant vaccine.

lipovitellin lipovitellin (lip´o-vi-tel´in)

vitellin

lipoxenous lipoxenous (li-pok´se-nus)

Pertaining to lipoxeny.

lipoxeny lipoxeny (li-pok´se-ne, lI-)

Desertion of the host by a parasite when the development of the latter is complete. [G. leipo, to leave, + xenos, host]

lipoxidase lipoxidase (li-poks´i-das)

lipoxygenase

lipoxygenase lipoxygenase (li-poks´e-je-nas)

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with O₂ to yield hydroperoxides of the fatty acids; 5-l. catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, acting on arachidonate.carotene oxidase, lipoxidase;

lipoyl lipoyl (lip´o-il)

The acyl radical of lipoic acid.

lipoyl dehydrogenase lipoyl dehydrogenase

dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

lipping lipping (lip´ing)

The formation of a liplike structure, as at the articular end of a bone in osteoarthritis.

lippitude lippitude , lippitudo (lip´i-tud, lip-i-tu´do)

blear eye [L., fr. lippus, blear-eyed]

Lipschütz Lipschütz

Benjamin, Austrian physician, 1878-1931. See L. cell; L.'s ulcer.

lipuria lipuria (li-pu´re-a)

Presence of lipids in the urine.adiposuria; [lipo- + G. ouron, urine]

lipuric lipuric (li-pu´rik)

Pertaining to lipuria.

liquefacient liquefacient (lik´we-fa´shent)

1. Making liquid; causing a solid to become liquid. 2. Denoting a resolvant supposed to cause the resolution of a solid tumor by liquefying its contents. [L. lique-facio, pres. p. -faciens, to make fluid, fr. ligueo, to be liquid]

liquefaction liquefaction (lik-we-fak´shun)

The act of becoming liquid; change from a solid to a liquid form. [see liquefacient]

liquefactive liquefactive (lik-we-fak´tiv)

Relating to liquefaction.

liquescent liquescent (li-kwes´ent)

Becoming or tending to become liquid. [L. liquesco, to become liquid]

liqueur liqueur (li-ker´)

A cordial; a spirit containing sugar and aromatics. [Fr.]

liquid liquid (lik´wid)

1. An inelastic substance, like water, that is neither solid nor gaseous. 2. Flowing like water. [L. liquidus]
Cotunnius' l. perilymph

liquor liquor, gen. liquoris, pl. liquores (lik´er, lik´wor; -wor-is; -wo´res)

1. Any liquid or fluid. 2. A term used for certain body fluids. 3. The pharmacopeial term for any aqueous solution (not a decoction or infusion) of a nonvolatile substance and for aqueous solutions of gases. See also solution. [L.]
l. am´nii amniotic fluid
l. cerebrospina´lis [NA] cerebrospinal fluid
l. cotun´nii perilymph
l. enter´icus intestinal secretions.
l. follic´uli the fluid within the antrum of the ovarian follicle.
malt l. a beverage brewed from malt, such as beer or ale.
Morgagni's l. a fluid found postmortem between the epithelium and the fibers of the lens, resulting from the liquefaction of a semifluid material existing there during life.Morgagni's humor;
mother l. the saturated solution remaining after a crystallization or precipitation.
Scarpa's l. endolymph
spirituous l. a strong alcoholic l. obtained by distillation, such as whiskey.
vinous l. wine (1)

liquorice liquorice (lik´o-ris)

glycyrrhiza

liquorrhea liquorrhea (lik-o-re´a)

The flow of liquid. [L. liquor, fluid, + G. rhoia, flow]

Lisch Lisch

Karl, Austrian ophthalmologist, *1907. See L. nodule.

Lisfranc Lisfranc (de St. Martin)

Jacques, French surgeon, 1790-1847. See L.'s amputation, joints, under joint, ligaments, under ligament, operation; scalene tubercle of L.

lisinopril lisinopril (lIs-in´o-pril)

1-[N²-[(S)-1-Carboxy- 3-phenylpropyl]-l-lysyl]-l-proline dihydrate;an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension.

Lison Lison

Lucien, Belgian scientist, *1907. See L.-Dunn stain.

lisping lisping

Mispronunciation of the sibilants s and z.parasigmatism, sigmatism;

lissamine rhodamine B 200 lissamine rhodamine B 200 (lis´sa-men ro´da-men)

sulforhodamine B

Lissauer Lissauer

Heinrich, German neurologist, 1861-1891. See L.'s bundle, column, fasciculus, tract, marginal zone; column of Spitzka-L.

lissencephalia lissencephalia (lis´en-se-fa´le-a)

agyria [G. lissos, smooth, + enkephalos, brain]

lissencephalic lissencephalic (lis´en-se-fal´ik)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, lissencephalia.

lissencephaly lissencephaly (lis-en-sef´a-le)

agyria [G. lissos, smooth, + enkephalos, brain]

lissive lissive (lis´iv)

Having the property of relieving muscle spasm without causing flaccidity. [G. lissos, smooth]

lissosphincter lissosphincter (lis´o-sfingk´ter)

A sphincter of smooth musculature.smooth muscular sphincter; [G. lissos, smooth, + sphincter]

lissotrichic lissotrichic , lissotrichous (lis-o-trik´ik, -trik´us)

Having straight hair. [G. lissos, smooth, + thrix (trich-), hair]

Lister Lister

Joseph (Lord Lister), English surgeon, 1827-1912. See Listerella; Listeria; listerism; L.'s dressing, method, tubercle.

Listerella Listerella (lis´ter-el´a)

In bacteriology, a rejected generic name sometimes cited as a synonym of Listeria. The type species is L. hepatolytica. [Joseph Lister]

Listeria Listeria (lis-ter-e-a)

A genus of aerobic to microaerophilic, motile, peritrichous bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) containing small, coccoid, Gram-positive rods; these organisms tend to produce chains of three to five cells and, in the rough state, elongated and filamentous forms. Cells 18 to 24 hours old may show a palisade arrangement with a few V or Y forms; the bacteria produce acid but no gas from glucose and are found in the feces of humans and other animals, on vegetation, and in silage and are parasitic on poikilothermic and warm-blooded animals, including humans. The type species is L. monocytogenes. [Joseph Lister]
L. denitri´ficans a species found in cooked blood of beef; pathogenic to rats and mice when injected intraperitoneally.
L. gra´yi a species found in the feces of chinchillas.
L. monocytog´enes a species causing meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, endocarditis, abortion, abscesses, and local purulent lesions; it is often fatal; it is found in healthy ferrets, insects, and the feces of chinchillas, ruminants, and humans, as well as in sewage, decaying vegetation, silage, soil, and fertilizer. Sometimes involved in infections in immunocompromised hosts. A causative agent of perinatal infections, neonatal sepsis and septicemia. Also recently linked to food-borne diseases.

listeriosis listeriosis (lis-ter´e-o´sis)

A sporadic disease of animals and humans, particularly those who are immunocompromised or pregnant, caused by the bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. The infection in sheep and cattle frequently involves the central nervous system, causing various neurologic signs; in monogastric animals and fowl, the chief manifestations are septicemia and necrosis of the liver. Meningitis, bacteremia, and focal metastatic disease are associated with listeriosis.listeria meningitis; [fr. organism Listeria]

listerism listerism (lis´ter-izm)

Lister's method

Listing Listing

Johann B., German physiologist, 1808-1882. See L.'s reduced eye, law.

Liston Liston

Robert, English surgeon, 1794-1847. See L.'s knives, under knife, shears, splint.

lisuride lisuride (lI´sur-Id)

A soluble ergot derivative with endocrine effects similar to those of bromocriptine; a serotonin inhibitor.

liter (L, l) liter (L, l) (le´ter)

A measure of capacity of 1000 cubic centimeters or 1 cubic decimeter; equivalent to 1.056688 quarts (U.S., liquid). [Fr., fr. G. litra, a pound]

lith- lith-

See litho-.

lithagogue lithagogue (lith´a-gog)

Causing the dislodgment or expulsion of calculi, especially urinary calculi. [litho- + G. agogos, drawing forth]

litharge litharge (lith´arj)

lead monoxide [litho- + G. argyros, silver]

lithectomy lithectomy (li-thek´to-me)

lithotomy [litho- + G. ektome, excision]

lithiasis lithiasis (li-thI´a-sis)

Formation of calculi of any kind, especially of biliary or urinary calculi. [litho- + G. -iasis, condition]
l. conjuncti´vae deposits of cellular degeneration into hard masses in Henle's glands.
2,8-dihydroxyalanine l. formation of calculi of 2,8-dihydroxyalanine due to a deficiency or reduced activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.
pancreatic l. the formation of stones in the pancreas, usually associated with chronic inflammation and obstruction of the pancreatic ducts.

lithic acid lithic acid (lith´ik)

uric acid

lithium (Li) lithium (Li) (lith´e-um)

An element of the alkali metal group, atomic no. 3, atomic wt. 6.941. Many salts have clinical applications. [Mod. L. fr. G. lithos, a stone]
l. bromide LiBr;a white deliquescent powder, used as a sedative and hypnotic.
l. carbonate Li₂CO₃;an antirheumatic and antilithic agent, also used in the treatment and prophylaxis of depressive, hypomanic, and manic phases of bipolar affective disorders.
l. citrate Li₃C₆H₅O₇. 4H₂O;a diuretic and antirheumatic, also used in the treatment of manic psychosis.
effervescent l. citrate a preparation containing l. citrate, sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid, and citric acid; same use as potassium or sodium citrate.
l. tungstate used in electron microscopy as a negative stain.

litho- litho- , lith-

A stone, calculus, calcification. [G. lithos]

Lithobius Lithobius (li-tho´be-us)

A genus of centipedes characterized by 15 pairs of legs. Species common in the U.S. include L. multidentatus and L. forficatus. [litho- + G. bios, life]

lithocholic acid lithocholic acid (lith-o-ko´lik)

3a-Hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid;one of the acids isolated from human bile as well as from cows, rabbits, sheep, and goats.

lithoclast lithoclast (lith´o-klast)

lithotrite [litho- + G. klastos, broken]

lithogenesis lithogenesis , lithogeny (lith-o-jen´e-sis, lith-oj´e-ne)

Formation of calculi. [litho- + G. genesis, production]

lithogenic lithogenic (lith-o-jen´ik)

Promoting the formation of calculi.

lithogenous lithogenous (lith-oj´e-nus)

Calculus-forming.

lithoid lithoid (lith´oyd)

Resembling a calculus or stone. [litho- + G. eidos, resemblance]

lithokelyphopedion lithokelyphopedion , lithokelyphopedium (lith-o-kel´e-fo-pe´de-on, -um)

A lithopedion in which the fetal parts in contact with the surrounding membranes, as well as the membranes, are calcified. [litho- + G. kelyphos, husk, shell, + paidion, child]

lithokelyphos lithokelyphos (lith-o-kel´e-fos)

A type of lithopedion in which the fetal membranes alone undergo calcification. [litho- + G. kelyphos, rind, shell]

litholabe litholabe (lith´o-lab)

Obsolete instrument for holding a bladder calculus during its removal. [litho- + G. lambano, labein, to grasp]

litholapaxy litholapaxy (li-thol´a-pak-se)

The operation of crushing a stone in the bladder and washing out the fragments through a catheter. [litho- + G. lapaxis, an emptying out]

litholysis litholysis (li-thol´i-sis)

The dissolution of urinary calculi. [litho- + G. lysis, dissolution]

litholyte litholyte (lith´o-lIt)

An instrument for injecting calculary solvents.

litholytic litholytic (li-tho-lit´ik)

1. Tending to dissolve calculi. 2. An agent having such properties. [litho- + G. lysis, dissolution]

lithomyl lithomyl (lith´o-mil)

An instrument for pulverizing a stone in the bladder. [litho- + G. myle, mill]

lithonephritis lithonephritis (lith´o-ne-frI´tis)

Interstitial nephritis associated with calculus formation.

lithopedion lithopedion , lithopedium (lith-o-pe´de-on, -um)

A retained fetus, usually extrauterine, which has become calcified. [litho- + G. paidion, small child]

lithotome lithotome (lith´o-tom)

A knife used in lithotomy.

lithotomist lithotomist (li-thot´o-mist)

A person skilled in lithotomy.

lithotomy lithotomy (li-thot´o-me)

Cutting for stone; a cutting operation for the removal of a calculus, especially a vesical calculus.lithectomy; [litho- + G. tome, incision]
bilateral l. obsolete term for a l. in which the perineal incision is made transversely across the median raphe.
high l. suprapubic l
lateral l. l. in which the perineum is incised to one side of the median line.
marian l. median l [L. mas (mar-), male]
median l. l. in which the perineal incision is made in the median raphe.marian l;
perineal l. l. in which the bladder is approached by an incision in the perineum.
prerectal l. l. by an incision in the midline of the perineum anterior to anus.
suprapubic l. l. in which the bladder is entered by an incision immediately above the symphysis pubis.high l;
vaginal l. l. in which the bladder is entered through an incision in the vagina.
vesical l. cystolithotomy

lithotresis lithotresis (lith-o-tre´sis)

The boring of holes in a calculus to facilitate its crushing. [litho- + G. tresis, a boring]
ultrasonic l. the demolition of calculi by high frequency sound waves.

lithotripsy lithotripsy (lith´o-trip-se)

The crushing of a stone in the renal pelvis, ureter, or bladder, by mechanical force or sound waves.lithotrity; [litho- + G. tripsis, a rubbing]
electrohydraulic shock wave l. (ESWL) destruction of calculi (urinary tract or other) by fragmentation using shock waves sent transcutaneously.
extracorporeal shock wave l. (ESWL) (lith´o-trip´se) breaking up of renal or ureteral calculi by focused ultrasound energy.
shock wave l. a method of fragmenting calculi.

lithotriptic lithotriptic (lith-o-trip´tik)

1. Relating to lithotripsy. 2. An agent that effects the dissolution of a calculus.

lithotriptor lithotriptor (lith-o-trip´tor)

A device used to crush or fragment a calculus in lithotripsy.

lithotriptoscopy lithotriptoscopy (lith´o-trip-tos´ko-pe)

Crushing of a stone in the bladder under direct vision by use of a lithotriptoscope. [litho- + G. tribo, to rub, crush, + skopeo, to view]

lithotrite lithotrite (lith´o-trIt)

A mechanical instrument used to crush a urinary calculus in lithotripsy.lithoclast; [litho- + L. tero, pp. tritus, to rub]

lithotrity lithotrity (li-thot´ri-te)

lithotripsy

lithotroph lithotroph (lith´o-trof)

An organism whose carbon needs are satisfied by carbon dioxide. Cf. chemoautotroph.

lithuresis lithuresis (lith´yu-re´sis)

The passage of gravel in the urine. [litho- + G. ouresis, urination]

lithuria lithuria (li-thu´re-a)

Excretion of uric acid or urates in large amount in the urine. [lithic (acid) + G. ouron, urine]

litmus litmus (lit´mus) [old C.I. 1242]

A blue coloring matter obtained from Roccella tinctoria and other species of lichens, the principal component of which is azolitmin; used as an indicator (reddened by acids and turned blue again by alkalies). [a corruption of lacmus, fr. deu lacmus, fr. Dutch lakmoes]

litter litter (lit´er)

1. A stretcher or portable couch for moving the sick or injured. 2. A group of animals of the same parents, born at the same time.brood (1); [Fr. litière; fr. lit, bed]

Little Little

William J., English surgeon, 1810-1894. See L.'s disease.

Little Little

James, U.S. surgeon, 1836-1885. See L.'s area.

Littré Littré

Alexis, French anatomist, 1658-1726. See L.'s glands, under gland, hernia.

littritis littritis (li-trI´tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of Littré's glands.

Litzmann Litzmann

Karl K.T., German gynecologist, 1815-1890. See L. obliquity.

livebirth livebirth , live birth (lIv´berth)

The birth of an infant who shows evidence of life after birth. See also liveborn infant.

livedo livedo (li-ve´do)

A bluish discoloration of the skin, either in limited patches or general. [L. lividness, fr. liveo, to be black and blue]
postmortem l. a purple coloration of dependent parts, except in areas of contact pressure, appearing within one half to two hours after death, as a result of gravitational movement of blood within the vessels.postmortem hypostasis, postmortem lividity, postmortem suggillation;
l. racemo´sa l. reticularis
l. reticula´ris a persistent purplish network-patterned discoloration of the skin caused by dilation of capillaries and venules due to stasis or changes in underlying blood vessels including hyalinization; rarely appears as a developmental defect.angiitis livedo reticularis, dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, l. racemosa;
l. reticula´ris idiopath´ica an extensive and permanent form of l. reticularis; in rare instances associated with central arterial disease.
l. reticula´ris symptomat´ica a discoloration or mottling of the skin due to some demonstrable cause, such as seen in erythema ab igne, and in certain tuberculids. See also cutis marmorata.
l. telangiectat´ica a permanent mottling of the skin due to an anomaly, probably congenital, of the cutaneous capillaries; a form of l. reticularis.

livedoid livedoid (liv´e-doyd)

Pertaining to or resembling livedo.

liver liver (liv´er)

The largest gland of the body, lying beneath the diaphragm in the right hypochondrium and upper part of the epigastrium; it is of irregular shape and weighs from 1 to 2 kg, or about 1 / 40 the weight of the body. It secretes the bile and is also of great importance in both carbohydrate and protein metabolism.hepar [NA]; [A.S. lifer]
cardiac l. cardiac cirrhosis
desiccated l. a dried undefatted powder prepared from mammalian l.'s used as human food; contains riboflavin, nicotinic acid, and choline; used in the treatment of macrocytic anemias and as a nutritional supplement.
fatty l. yellow discoloration of the l. due to fatty degeneration of l. parenchymal cells.hepatic steatosis;
frosted l. hyaloserositis of the liver.Curschmann's disease, icing l., sugar-icing l., zuckergussleber;
hobnail l. in Laënnec's cirrhosis, the contraction of scar tissue and hepatic cellular regeneration which causes a nodular appearance of the l.'s surface.
icing l. frosted l
lardaceous l. waxy l
nutmeg l. chronic passive congestion of the l., causing accentuation of the lobular pattern with red central and yellow or tan periportal zones.
pigmented l. a l. that contains pigment, such as occurs in Dubin-Johnson syndrome, hemochromatosis, long-standing malaria.
polycystic l. gradual cystic dilation of intralobular bile ducts (Meyenburg's complexes) that fail to involute in embryologic development of the l.; frequently associated with bilateral congenital polycystic kidneys and occasionally with cystic involvement of the pancreas, lungs, and other organs.polycystic liver disease;
sugar-icing l. frosted l
wandering l. hepatoptosis
waxy l. amyloid degeneration of the l.lardaceous l;

livetin livetin (liv´e-tin)

Any of the three major water-soluble proteins in egg yolk: a-livetin , serum albumin; beta-livetin , a-glycoprotein; gamma-livetin , serum gamma-globulin.

livid livid

Having a black and blue or a leaden or ashy gray color, as in discoloration from a contusion, congestion, or cyanosis. [L. lividus, being black and blue]

lividity lividity (li-vid´i-te)

The state of being livid.
postmortem l. postmortem livedo

livor livor (lI´vor)

The livid discoloration of the skin on the dependent parts of a corpse. [L. a black and blue spot]

lixiviation lixiviation (lik-siv-e-a´shun)

leaching [L. lixivius, made into lye, fr. lix, lye]

lixivium lixivium (lik-siv´e-um)

lye [L. ntr. of lixivius, made into lye]

LLAT LLAT

Abbreviation for lysolecithin-lecithin acyltransferase.

LLETZ LLETZ

Abbreviation for large loop excision of transformation zone of the cervix of the uterus.

LLL LLL

Abbreviation for left lower lobe (of lung).

Lloyd Lloyd

John Uri, U.S. pharmacist, 1849-1936. Noted for investigational work in plant chemistry and phytochemistry as applied to medicines, alkaloids, and glucosides.

Lloyd's reagent Lloyd's reagent

See under reagent.

LLQ LLQ

Abbreviation for left lower quadrant (of abdomen).

LM LM

Abbreviation for licentiate in midwifery.

lm lm

Abbreviation for lumen (2) .

LMA LMA

Abbreviation for left mentoanterior position.

LMP LMP

Abbreviation for left mentoposterior position.

LMT LMT

Abbreviation for left mentotransverse position.

LNPF LNPF

Abbreviation for lymph node permeability factor.

Lo Lo , L_o

See Lo dose.

LOA LOA

Abbreviation for left occipitoanterior position.

load load (lod)

A departure from normal body content, as of water, salt, or heat; positive l.'s are quantities in excess of the normal; negative l.'s are quantities in deficit.
electronic pacemaker l. the impedance to the output, the standard l. being 500 ohms resistance ± 1%.
genetic l. the aggregate of more or less harmful genes that are carried, mostly hidden, in the genome that may be transmitted to descendants and cause morbidity and disease; in classical genetic dynamics, genetic l. may be seen as undischarged genetic debts that result from previous mutations, each of which is supposed to exact an average number of lethal equivalents dependent only on the pattern of inheritance, regardless of how mild or severe the phenotype may be.

loading loading (lod´ing)

Administration of a substance for the purpose of testing metabolic function.
carbohydrate l. a procedure popular with long-distance runners and other athletes of filling muscles with a large glycogen pool prior to an athletic event; often, the athlete consumes very few carbohydrates for three days followed by a largely carbohydrate diet for the last three days before the event.
salt l. the administration of 2 g of sodium chloride (with a regular diet) 3 times a day for 4 days; a diagnostic test in primary aldosteronism, in which the salt l. produces the typical plasma electrolyte pattern.
soda l. a procedure adopted by a number of athletes of ingesting sodium bicarbonate in an attempt to buffer the production of protons during exercise.

Loa loa Loa loa (lo´a lo´a)

The African eye worm, a species of the family Onchocercidae (superfamily Filarioidea) that is indigenous to the western part of equatorial Africa, especially in the region of the Congo River, and is the causal agent of loiasis. Adult worms are white or gray-white, cylindroid, and threadlike, the males averaging 25 to 35 by 0.3 to 0.4 mm (with a curved tail) and the females ranging from 50 to 60 by 0.4 to 0.6 mm; microfilariae are ensheathed, with nuclei extending to the tip of the tail. The life cycle is somewhat similar to that of Wuchereria species; humans are the only known definitive host, and parasites are transmitted by Chrysops flies (family Tabanidae); infective larvae from the latter require 3 years or more to mature in humans, and the adult forms may persist in man for as long as 17 years. See also loiasis.

lobar lobar (lo´bar)

Relating to any lobe.
l. nephronia 1. A focal renal mass related to acute infection. 2. Acute focal bacterial nephritis. 3. Renal phlegmon (not an abscess; no free pus).

lobate lobate (lo´bat)

1. Divided into lobes. 2. Lobe-shaped; denoting a bacterial colony with a deeply undulate margin.lobose, lobous;

lobe lobe (lob)

1. One of the subdivisions of an organ or other part, bounded by fissures, connective tissue, septa, or other structural demarcations. 2. A rounded projecting part, as the l. of the ear. See also lobule. 3. One of the larger divisions of the crown of a tooth, formed from a distinct point of calcification.lobus [NA]; [G. lobos, lobe]
anterior l. of hypophysis * official alternate term for adenohypophysis
az´ygos l. of lung a small accessory l. sometimes found on the apex of the right lung; separated from the rest of the upper l. by a deep groove lodging the azygos vein.lobus azygos;
caudate l. lobus caudatus
l.'s of cerebrum lobi cerebri, under lobus
cuneiform l. biventer lobule
ear l. the lowest part of the auricle; it consists of fat and fibrous tissue not reinforced by the auricular cartilage.lobulus auriculae [NA], lobule of auricle;
falciform l. cingulate gyrus
flocculonodular l. the small posterior and inferior subdivision of the cerebellar cortex that borders the line of attachment of the choroid roof of the rhomboid fossa, and consists of the left and right flocculus together with the unpaired nodulus (the most posterior of the folia composing the vermis cerebelli). Its major afferent connections come from the vestibular nuclei and directly from the vestibular nerve; it projects largely to the vestibular nuclei, directly and by way of the fastigial nucleus.
frontal l. frontal l. of cerebrum
frontal l. of cerebrum the portion of each cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus.lobus frontalis cerebri [NA], frontal l;
glandular l. of hypophysis adenohypophysis
Home's l. the enlarged middle l. of the prostate gland.
inferior l. of lung it is located below and behind the oblique fissure and contains five bronchopulmonary segments: superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, and posterior basal.lobus inferior pulmonis [NA], lower l. of lung;
left l. the left subdivision of several glands, e.g., prostate, thyroid, thymus.lobus sinister [NA];
left l. of liver it is separated from the right lobe above and in front by the falciform ligament, and from the quadrate and caudate lobes by the fissure for the ligamentum teres and the fissure for the ligamentum venosum; the distribution of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ducts does not correspond to the gross lobar divisions of the liver. It contains two segments, superior and inferior.lobus hepatis sinister [NA];
limbic l. as originally defined by P. Broca: the nearly closed ring of the brain structures surrounding the hilus, or margin, of the cerebral hemisphere of mammals; it is composed of the fornicate gyrus (cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus), the hippocampus, and the amygdala. See limbic system.
lingual l. cingulum of tooth
lower l. of lung inferior l. of lung
l.'s of mammary gland the 15 to 20 separate portions of the mammary gland that radiate from the central area deep to the nipple like wheel spokes and comprise the body of the mammary gland; each is drained by a single lactiferous duct.lobi glandulae mammariae [NA];
middle l. of prostate the portion of the prostate lying between the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts; indistinct unless hypertrophied.lobus medius prostatae [NA], Morgagni's caruncle;
middle l. of right lung it is located anteriorly between the horizontal and oblique fissures and includes lateral and medial bronchopulmonary segments.lobus medius pulmonis dextri [NA];
nervous l. nervous l. of hypophysis
nervous l. of hypophysis the bulbous part of the neurohypophysis attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. It is composed of pituicytes, blood vessels, and terminals of nerve fibers from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.lobus nervosus, nervous l;
occipital l. occipital l. of cerebrum
occipital l. of cerebrum the posterior, somewhat pyramid-shaped part of each cerebral hemisphere, demarcated by no distinct surface markings on the lateral convexity of the hemisphere from the parietal and temporal lobes, but sharply delineated from the parietal lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial surface.lobus occipitalis cerebri [NA], occipital l;
parietal l. parietal l. of cerebrum
parietal l. of cerebrum the middle portion of each cerebral hemisphere, separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus, from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus in front and an imaginary line projected posteriorly, and from the occipital lobe only partially by the parieto-occipital sulcus on its medial aspect.lobus parietalis cerebri [NA], parietal l;
placental l.'s cotyledons of the human placenta, viewed on the maternal surface as irregularly shaped elevations or l.'s.
polyalveolar l. a type of congenital anomaly where a severalfold increase in the total alveolar number leads to congenital lobar emphysema.
posterior l. of hypophysis neurohypophysis
l. of prostate one of the lateral lobes (right or left) or the middle lobe or isthmus of the prostate; in the adult the lobes are ill-defined.lobus prostatae [NA];
pyramidal l. of thyroid gland an inconstant narrow lobe of the thyroid gland that arises from the upper border of the isthmus and extends upward, sometimes as far as the hyoid bone; it marks the point of continuity with the thyroglossal duct.lobus pyramidalis glandulae thyroideae [NA], Lallouette's pyramid, Morgagni's appendix, pyramid of thyroid;
quadrate l. 1. a lobe on the inferior surface of the liver located between the fossa for the gallbladder and the fissure for the ligamentum teres; 2. quadrangular lobule 3. precuneus
renal l. one of the subdivisions of the kidney, consisting of a renal pyramid and the cortical tissue associated with it.lobus renalis [NA];
Riedel's l. an occasional tongue-like process extending downward from the right l. of the liver lateral to the gallbladder; a similar process may, though rarely, extend from the left lobe.lobus appendicularis, lobus linguiformis;
right l. the right subdivision of several glands, e.g., prostate, thyroid, thymus.lobus dexter [NA];
right l. of liver the largest lobe of the liver, separated from the left lobe above and in front by the falciform ligament and from the caudate and quadrate lobes by the sulcus for the vena cava and the fossa for the gallbladder; it contains two segments, anterior and posterior.lobus hepatis dexter [NA];
Spigelius' l. lobus caudatus
superior l. of lung the lobe of the right lung that lies above the oblique and horizontal fissures and includes the apical, posterior and anterior bronchopulmonary segments; in the left lung, the lobe lies above the oblique fissure and contains the apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular and inferior lingular segments.lobus superior pulmonis [NA], upper l. of lung;
supplemental l. in dental anatomy, an extra l.; one that is not included in the typical formation of a tooth.
temporal l. a long l., the lowest of the major subdivisions of the cortical mantle, forming the posterior two-thirds of the ventral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, separated from the frontal and parietal l.'s above it by the lateral sulcus arbitrarily delineated by an imaginary plane from the occipital l. with which it is continuous posteriorly. The temporal l. has a heterogeneous composition: in addition to a large neocortical component consisting of the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and the lateral and medial occipitotemporal gyri, it includes the largely juxtallocortical parahippocampal gyrus with its paleocortical (olfactory) uncus and, beneath the latter, the amygdala.lobus temporalis [NA], temporal cortex;
l.'s of thyroid gland the two major divisions of the gland lying on the right and left side of the trachea and connected by the isthmus. A smaller pyramidal lobe is frequently present as an upward extension from the isthmus.lobi glandulae thyroideae [NA];
upper l. of lung superior l. of lung

lobectomy lobectomy (lo-bek´to-me)

Excision of a lobe of any organ or gland. [G. lobos, lobe, + ektome, excision]

lobelia lobelia (lo-be´le-a)

1. The dried leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata (family Lobeliaceae); it contains several alkaloids: lobeline, lobelamine, lobelanidine, lobelanine, norlobelanine, norlobelanidine, and isolobelanine. The fluid extract and the tincture have been used as an expectorant in asthma and chronic bronchitis. 2. One of a class of alkaloids isolated from l. (1).asthma-weed (1), wild tobacco;

lobeline lobeline , lobelin (lo´be-len, lob´e-len, -lin)

A piperidylacetophenone; an alkaloid of lobelia with the same actions as nicotine, but with less potency.
l. sulfate a form of l. occurring in yellow friable masses, soluble in water; used in whooping cough and asthma; it has been suggested as a smoking deterrent.

lobi lobi (lo´bI)

Plural of lobus. [L.]

lobitis lobitis (lo-bI´tis)

Inflammation of a lobe.

Lobo Lobo

Jorge, 20th century Brazilian physician. See L.'s disease.

Loboa loboi Loboa loboi (lo-bo´a lo-bo´e)

A species of fungus causing lobomycosis. The organism is still classified by some as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which causes paracoccidioidomycosis.

lobomycosis lobomycosis (lo-bo-mI-ko´sis)

A chronic localized mycosis of the skin reported from South America resulting in granulomatous nodules or keloids that contain budding, thick-walled cells about 9 mu in diameter, i.e., the tissue form of Loboa loboi, the causative fungus, which has not been cultured.Lobo's disease;

lobopodium lobopodium, pl. lobopodia (lo´bo-po´de-um, -de-a)

A thick lobose pseudopodium. [G. lobos, lobe, + pous, foot]

lobose lobose , lobous (lo´bos, lo´bus)

lobate

lobotomy lobotomy (lo-bot´o-me)

1. Incision into a lobe. 2. Division of one or more nerve tracts in a lobe of the cerebrum. [G. lobos, lobe, + tome, a cutting]
prefrontal l. division of one or more nerve tracts in the prefrontal area of the brain for surgical treatment of pain and emotional disorder.prefrontal leukotomy;
transorbital l. l. by an approach through the roof of the orbit, behind the frontal sinus.transorbital leukotomy;

Lobry de Bruyn Lobry de Bruyn

Cornelius A., Dutch chemist, 1857-1904. See L.deB.-van Ekenstein transformation.

Lobstein Lobstein

Johann F.G., German pathologist, 1777-1835. See L.'s ganglion.

lobular lobular (lob´yu-lar)

Relating to a lobule.

lobulate lobulate , lobulated (lob´yu-lat, -ed)

Divided into lobules.

lobule lobule (lob´yul)

A small lobe or subdivision of a lobe.lobulus [NA];
ala central l. the lateral winglike projection of the central lobule of the cerebellum.ala lobuli centralis [NA], ala cerebelli;
ansiform l. comprises the greater part of the hemisphere of the cerebellum; its superior and inferior surfaces are separated by the horizontal fissure into major parts known as crus I (superior semilunar lobule) and crus II (inferior semilunar lobule).
anterior lunate l. superior semilunar l
l. of auricle ear lobe
biventer l. a l. on the undersurface of each cerebellar hemisphere, divided by a curved sulcus into a lateral and medial portion; it corresponds to the pyramid of the vermis.lobulus biventer [NA], biventral l., cuneiform lobe, lobulus biventralis, lobulus cuneiformis;
biventral l. biventer l
central l. central l. of cerebellum
central l. of cerebellum a division of the superior vermis of the cerebellum between the lingula and the monticulus.lobulus centralis cerebelli [NA], central l;
cortical l.'s of kidney one of the subdivisions of the kidney, consisting of a medullary ray and that portion of the convoluted port (renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules) associated with its collecting duct.lobulus corticalis renalis [NA], renal cortical l., renculus (1), reniculus (1), renunculus (1);
crescentic l.'s of the cerebellum archaic term designation for lobulus semilunaris inferior and lobulus semilunaris superior.
l.'s of epididymis the coiled portion of the efferent ductules that constitute the head of the epididymis; these join the ductus epididymidis.lobuli epididymidis [NA], coni epididymidis [NA], coni vasculosi, Haller's cones, vascular cones;
gracile l. the anterior portion of the posteroinferior lobule of the cerebellum, the posterior portion being the semilunar l. inferior; the two correspond to the tuber of the vermis.lobulus gracilis, slender l;
hepatic l. the conceptual polygonal histologic unit of the liver consisting of masses of liver cells arranged around a central vein, a terminal branch of one of the hepatic veins; at the periphery are located preterminal and terminal branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct, hepatic lobules have anatomical reality in the pig liver or pathologically in humans, when fibrous septa are present.lobulus hepatis [NA];
inferior parietal l. the area of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum lying below the interparietal sulcus; it contains the angular and the supramarginal gyri.lobulus parietalis inferior [NA], inferior parietal gyrus;
inferior semilunar l. the part of the superior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere lying behind the horizontal fissure.lobulus semilunaris inferior [NA], crus II, posterior lunate l;
l.'s of mammary gland subdivisions of the lobes of the mammary gland.lobuli glandulae mammariae [NA];
paracentral l. a division of the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex, lying above the singulate sulcus and bounded by the precentral sulcus in front and the marginal part of the cingulate sulcus behind.lobulus paracentralis [NA];
portal l. of liver a conceptual unit of the liver, emphasizing its exocrine function in bile secretion, which comprises a roughly triangular shaped cross-sectional area with a portal canal at its center and three or more venae centrales hepatis at its periphery.
posterior lunate l. inferior semilunar l
primary pulmonary l. pulmonary acinus
quadrangular l. the main portion of the superior part of each hemisphere of the cerebellum, corresponding to the monticulus of the vermis; it is divided into two portions, the anterior and the posterior crescentic lobules, corresponding to the culmen and the declive of the vermis.lobulus quadrangularis [NA], lobus quadratus [NA], lobulus quadratus (1), quadrate lobe (2), quadrate l. (1);
quadrate l. 1. quadrangular l 2. precuneus
renal cortical l. cortical l.'s of kidney
respiratory l. pulmonary acinus
secondary pulmonary l. a pyramidal mass of lung tissue whose sides are bounded by the incomplete interlobular connective tissue septa and whose base, which is 1 to 2 cm in diameter, usually faces the pleural surface of the lung; l.'s that occupy a more central position in the lung are not well defined and are considered to consist of three to five pulmonary acini with proximate terminal bronchioles.
simple l. the smaller anterior part of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, demarcated by the primary fissure from the anterior lobe rostrally and from the large caudal subdivision of the posterior lobe caudally.lobulus simplex [NA];
slender l. gracile l
superior parietal l. the area of the convex surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum lying between the longitudinal fissure and the interparietal sulcus behind the posterior central gyrus; it is continuous with the precuneus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere.lobulus parietalis superior [NA], superior parietal gyrus;
superior semilunar l. the part of the superior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere lying rostral to the horizontal fissure, and adjoining the folium of the vermis.lobulus semilunaris superior [NA], anterior lunate l., crus I;
l.'s of testis the subdivisions of the parenchyma of the testis formed by delicate fibrous septa that pass inward from the tunica albuginea to converge at the mediastinum testis.lobuli testis [NA];
l.'s of thymus areas of thymic tissue 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter with a cortex and medulla.lobuli thymi [NA];
l.'s of thyroid gland the subdivisions of the lobes, consisting of incompletely separated, irregular groups of thyroid follicles (20 to 40 in number) bound together by delicate connective tissue.lobuli glandulae thyroideae [NA];

lobulet lobulet , lobulette (lob´yu-let´)

A very small lobule or one of the smaller subdivisions of a lobule.

lobulus lobulus, gen and pl. lobuli (lob´yu-lus, yu-lI) [NA]

lobule [Mod. L. dim. of lobus, lobe]
l. auric´ulae [NA] ear lobe
l. biven´ter [NA] biventer lobule
l. biventra´lis biventer lobule
l. centra´lis cerebel´li [NA] central lobule of cerebellum
l. cli´vi declive
l. cortica´lis rena´lis [NA] cortical lobules of kidney, under lobule
l. cul´minis culmen
l. cune´iform´is biventer lobule
lob´uli epididym´idis [NA] lobules of epididymis, under lobule
l. fo´lii the part of the superior vermis of the cerebellum lying immediately behind the posterior superior fissure and caudal to the l. clivi.
l. fusifor´mis fusiform gyrus
lob´uli glan´dulae mamma´riae [NA] lobules of mammary gland, under lobule
lob´uli glan´dulae thyroi´deae [NA] lobules of thyroid gland, under lobule
l. grac´ilis gracile lobule
l. hep´atis [NA] hepatic lobule
l. paracentra´lis [NA] paracentral lobule
l. parieta´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior parietal lobule
l. parieta´lis supe´rior [NA] superior parietal lobule
l. quadrangula´ris [NA] quadrangular lobule
l. quadra´tus 1. quadrangular lobule 2. precuneus
l. semiluna´ris infe´rior [NA] inferior semilunar lobule
l. semiluna´ris supe´rior [NA] superior semilunar lobule
l. sim´plex [NA] simple lobule
lob´uli tes´tis [NA] lobules of testis, under lobule
lobuli thy´mi [NA] lobules of thymus, under lobule

lobus lobus, gen and pl. lobi (lo´bus, lo´bI) [NA]

lobe [LL. fr. G. lobos]
l. ante´rior hypophys´eos [NA] adenohypophysis
l. appendicula´ris Riedel's lobe
l. azygos azygos lobe of lung
l. cauda´tus [NA] a small lobe of the liver situated posteriorly between the sulcus for the vena cava and the fissure for the ligamentum venosum.caudate lobe, Spigelius' lobe;
lobi cer´ebri [NA] the major divisions of the cerebral hemisphere; they include the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, named for the overlying bones of the skull.lobes of cerebrum;
l. cli´vi the clivus monticuli and the posterior crescentic lobules of the cerebellum considered as one lobe.
l. dex´ter [NA] right lobe
l. falcifor´mis cingulate gyrus
l. fronta´lis cer´ebri [NA] frontal lobe of cerebrum
lo´bi glan´dulae mamma´riae [NA] lobes of mammary gland, under lobe
lo´bi glan´dulae thyroi´deae [NA] lobes of thyroid gland, under lobe
l. glandula´ris hypophys´eos adenohypophysis
l. hep´atis dex´ter [NA] right lobe of liver
l. hep´atis sinis´ter [NA] left lobe of liver
l. infe´rior pulmo´nis [NA] inferior lobe of lung
l. linguifor´mis Riedel's lobe
l. me´dius pro´statae [NA] middle lobe of prostate
l. me´dius pulmo´nis dex´tri [NA] middle lobe of right lung
l. nervo´sus nervous lobe of hypophysis
l. occipita´lis cer´ebri [NA] occipital lobe of cerebrum
l. parieta´lis cer´ebri [NA] parietal lobe of cerebrum
l. poste´rior hypophys´eos [NA] * official alternate term for neurohypophysis See also hypophysis.
l. pro´statae [NA] lobe of prostate
l. pyramida´lis glan´dulae thyroi´deae [NA] pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland
l. quadra´tus [NA] quadrangular lobule
l. rena´lis [NA] renal lobe
l. sinis´ter [NA] left lobe
l. supe´rior pulmo´nis [NA] superior lobe of lung
l. tempora´lis [NA] temporal lobe

LOCA LOCA

Abbreviation for low osmolar contrast agent.

local local (lo´kal)

Having reference or confined to a limited part; not general or systemic. [L. localis, fr. locus, place]

localization localization (lo´kal-i-za´shun)

1. Limitation to a definite area. 2. The reference of a sensation to its point of origin. 3. The determination of the location of a morbid process.
auditory l. in sensory psychology, the naming or pointing to directions from which sounds emanate.
cerebral l. the mapping of the cerebral cortex into areas and the correlation of the various areas with cerebral function, or determining the site of a brain lesion, based on the signs and symptoms manifested by the patient or by neuroimaging.
germinal l. determination in very young embryos of the presumptive areas for specific organs or structures.fate map;
radiotherapy l. planning the size and alignment of radiation beams to encompass the neoplasm to be treated.
spatial l. the reference of a visual sensation to a definite locality in space.
stereotaxic l. l. of intracerebral nuclei by coordinates with reference to anatomical landmarks in the brain.

localized localized (lo´kal-Izd)

Restricted or limited to a definite part.

locant locant (lo´kant)

A number or letter preceding a substituent name in the name of a complex chemical that specifies the position (location) of the substituent on the parent molecule; e.g., 5 in 5-methyluridine, S in S-adenosylmethionine.

locator locator (lo´ka-ter, tor)

An instrument or apparatus for finding the position of a foreign object in tissue.

lochia lochia (lo´ke-a)

Dicharges from the vagina of mucus, blood, and tissue debris, following childbirth. [G. neut. pl. of lochios, relating to childbirth, fr. lochos, childbirth]
l. al´ba the last discharge no longer tinged with blood.l. purulenta;
l. cruen´ta the initial discharge stained with blood.l. rubra;
l. purulen´ta l. alba
l. ru´bra l. cruenta
l. sanguinolen´ta thick, dark red vaginal discharge seen a few days after delivery.
l. sero´sa a thin and watery l.

lochial lochial (lo´ke-al)

Relating to the lochia.

lochiometra lochiometra (lo-ke-o-me´tra)

Distention of the uterus with retained lochia. [G. metra, womb]

lochiometritis lochiometritis (lo-ke-o-me-trI´tis)

Puerperal metritis.

lochioperitonitis lochioperitonitis (lo´ke-o-per´i-to-nI´tis)

Puerperal peritonitis.

lochiorrhagia lochiorrhagia (lo-ke-o-ra´je-a)

lochiorrhea [lochia + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

lochiorrhea lochiorrhea (lo-ke-o-re´a)

Profuse flow of the lochia.lochiorrhagia; [lochia + G. rhoia, a flow]

loci loci (lo´sI)

Plural of locus.

Locke Locke

Frank S., British physiologist, 1871-1949. See L.'s solutions, under solution; L.-Ringer solution.

lockjaw lockjaw (lok´jaw)

trismus

Lockwood Lockwood

Charles B., English anatomist and surgeon, 1858-1914. See L.'s ligament.

LOCM LOCM

Abbreviation for low osmolar contrast medium.

loco loco (lo´ko)

A disease affecting cattle on the great plains of the western U.S. caused by eating the locoweed; characterized by paresis, incoordination, dullness, and a tendency to become solitary in habit.locoweed disease; [Sp. crack-brained]

locomotive locomotive (lo-ko-mo´tiv)

locomotor

locomotor locomotor (lo-ko-mo´ter)

Relating to locomotion, or movement from one place to another.locomotive, locomotory; [L. locus, place, + L. moveo, pp. motus, to move]

locomotorial locomotorial (lo-ko-mo-to´re-al)

Relating to the locomotorium.

locomotorium locomotorium (lo´ko-mo-to´re-u&mbreve;)

The locomotor apparatus of the body. [L. locus, place, + motorius, moving]

locomotory locomotory (lo-ko-mo´to-re)

locomotor

locular locular (lok´yu-lar)

Relating to a loculus.

loculate loculate (lok´yu-lat)

Containing numerous loculi.

loculation loculation (lok-yu-la´shun)

1. A loculate region in an organ or tissue, or a loculate structure formed between surfaces of organs, mucous or serous membranes, and so on. 2. The process that results in the formation of a loculus or loculi.

loculus loculus, pl. loculi (lok´yu-lus, -lI)

A small cavity or chamber. [L. dim. of locus, place]

locum tenant locum tenant (lo´kum ten´ent)

A temporary substitution of one physician by another.locum tenens; [partial anglicization of locum tenens]

locum tenens locum tenens (lo´kum ten´ens)

locum tenant [L. one holding a place]

locus locus, pl. loci (lo´kus, lo´sI)

1. A place; usually, a specific site. 2. The position that a gene occupies on a chromosome lod score. In genetics, the log of the odds ratio of observed to expected distribution of genetic markers. 3. The position of a point, as defined by the coordinates on a graph. [L.]
l. ceru´leus [NA] a shallow depression, of a blue color in the fresh brain, lying laterally in the most rostral portion of the rhomboidal fossa near the cerebral aqueduct; it lies near the lateral wall of the fourth ventricle and consists of about 20,000 melanin-pigmented neuronal cell bodies whose norepinephrine-containing axons have a remarkably wide distribution in the cerebellum as well as in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex.substantia ferruginea [NA], l. cinereus, l. ferrugineus;
l. cine´reus l. ceruleus
cis-acting l. a section of DNA that affects the activity of DNA sequences on that same molecule of DNA.
complex l. a set of closely linked genetic loci with a common function, as in the major histocompatibility complex l.
l. of control a theoretical construct designed to assess a person's perceived control over his/her own behavior; classified as internal if the person feels in control of events, external if others are perceived to have that control.
l. ferrugin´eus l. ceruleus
genetic l. the set of homologous parts of a pair of chromosomes that may be occupied by allelic genes. The l. thus comprises a pair of locations (except in the X chromosome in males). The concept of a l. is somewhat idealized, not taking into account accidents that may occur in meiosis such as duplication of loci as a result of unequal crossing-over, translocations, inversions, etc.
marker l. a l. on a chromosome or in a stretch of DNA that can be identified (e.g., a restriction fragment length polymorphism) and can serve in linkage analysis and in the isolation of a disease gene. See also linkage marker.
l. ni´ger substantia nigra
l. perfora´tus anti´cus anterior perforated substance
l. perfora´tus posti´cus posterior perforated substance
sex-linked l. any l. that in normal karyotypes is borne on a heterosome; commonly but incorrectly applied to an X-linked l.
X-linked l. any l. that in normal karyotypes is borne on the X chromosome.
Y-linked l. any (haploid) l. that in normal karyotypes is borne on the Y chromosome. The known content is so far small.

lod score lod score (lod skor)

A number used in genetic linkage studies; logarithm (base 10) of the odds in favor of genetic linkage. [logarithm + odds]

Loeb Loeb

Leo, U.S. pathologist, 1869-1959. See L.'s deciduoma.

Loeffler Loeffler

Friedrich A.J., German bacteriologist and surgeon, 1852-1915. See L.'s bacillus, blood culture medium, stain, caustic stain, methylene blue; Klebs-L. bacillus.

Loevit Loevit

Moritz, Austrian pathologist, 1851-1918. See L.'s cell.

Loewenthal Loewenthal

Wilhelm, German physician, 1850-1894. See L.'s bundle, reaction, tract.

lofentanil lofentanil (lo-fen´ta-nil)

C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₃;a potent, long-lasting narcotic and analgesic that is chemically related to fentanyl.

Löffler Löffler

Wilhelm, Swiss physician, *1887. See L.'s disease, endocarditis; Loffler's parietal fibroplastic endocarditis; L.'s syndrome.

log- log-

See logo-.

logagnosia logagnosia (log-ag-no´se-a)

aphasia [logo- + G. agnosia, ignorance]

logagraphia logagraphia (log-a-graf´e-a)

agraphia [logo- + G. a- priv. + grapho, to write]

logamnesia logamnesia (log-am-ne´ze-a)

aphasia [logo- + G. amnesia, forgetfulness]

Logan Logan

William H.G., early 20th century U.S. plastic surgeon. See L.'s bow.

logaphasia logaphasia (log-a-fa´ze-a)

Aphasia of articulation. [logo- + G. aphasia, speechlessness]

logarithm logarithm (log´ar-ridhm)

If a number, x, is expressed as a power of another number, y, i.e., if x = yn, then n is said to be the logarithm of x to base y. Common logarithms are to the base 10; natural or Napierian logarithms are to the base e, a mathematical constant. [G. logos, word, ratio, + arithmos, number]

logasthenia logasthenia (log-as-the´ne-a)

aphasia [logo- + G. astheneia, weakness]

logetronography logetronography (lo-jê-tron-og´ra-fe)

A method of photographic printing in which fine details are emphasized by electronic enhancement of their contrast; formerly used for reproducing radiographic images.

-logia -logia

1. The study of the subject noted in the body of the word, or a treatise on the same; the Eng. equivalent is -logy, or, with a connecting vowel, -ology. [G. logos, discourse, treatise] 2. Collecting or picking. [G. lego, to collect]

logit logit (log´it)

The logarithm of the ratio of frequencies of two different categorical and mutually exclusive outcomes such as healthy and sick.

logo- logo- , log-

Speech, words. [G. logos, word, discourse]

logopathy logopathy (log-op´a-the)

Any speech disorder. [logo- + G. pathos, suffering]

logopedia logopedia (log-o-pe´de-a)

logopedics

logopedics logopedics (log´o-pe´diks)

A branch of science concerned with the physiology and pathology of the organs of speech and with the correction of speech defects.logopedia; [logo- + G. pais (paid-), child]

logoplegia logoplegia (log-o-ple´je-a)

Paralysis of the organs of speech. [logo- + G. plege, stroke]

logorrhea logorrhea (log-o-re´a)

Rarely used term for abnormal or pathologic talkativeness or garrulousness. [logo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

logospasm logospasm (log´o-spazm)

1. stuttering 2. explosive speech [logo- + G. spasmos, spasm]

logotherapy logotherapy (log´o-thar´a-pe)

A form of psychotherapy which places special emphasis on the patient's spiritual life and on the physician as "medical minister." [logo- + G. therapeia, cure]

-logy -logy

See -logia. [G. logos, treatise, discourse]

Lohlein-Baehr lesion Lohlein-Baehr lesion

See under lesion.

loiasis loiasis (lo-I´a-sis)

A chronic disease caused by the filarial nematode Loa loa, with symptoms and signs first occurring approximately three to four years after a bite by an infected tabanid fly. When the infective larvae mature, the adult worms move about in an irregular course through the connective tissue of the body (as rapidly as 1 cm per minute), frequently becoming visible beneath the skin and mucous membranes; e.g., in the back, scalp, chest, inner surface of the lip, and especially on the conjunctiva. The worms provoke hyperemia and exudation of fluid, often a host response to the worm products, a Calabar or fugitive swelling which causes no serious damage and subsides as the parasites move on; the patient is annoyed by the "creeping" in the tissues and intense itching, as well as occasional pain, especially when the swelling is in the region of tendons and joints. Most patients have an eosinophilia of 10 to 30 or 40% in the circulating blood.Calabar swelling, fugitive swelling;

loin loin (loyn)

The part of the side and back between the ribs and the pelvis.lumbus [NA]; [Fr. longe; E. lumbus]

Lok Lok

See Luer-Lok syringe.

loliism loliism (lo´li-izm)

Poisoning by the seeds of a grass, Lolium temulentum (in the form of flour made into bread), characterized by giddiness, tremor, green vision, dilated pupils, prostration, and sometimes vomiting. [L. lolium, darnel, tares]

Lombard Lombard

Etienne, French physician, 1868-1920. See L. voice-reflex test.

lomustine lomustine (lo-mus´ten)

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea;an antineoplastic agent.CCNU;

London London

Fritz, German-U.S. physicist, 1900-1954. See L. forces, under force.

Long Long

John H., U.S. physician, 1856-1927. See L.'s coefficient, formula.

long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

See acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH+).

long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase

Fatty acid thiokinase (long-chain), a ligase forming acyl-CoA, AMP, and pyrophosphate from long-chain fatty acids, ATP, and coenzyme A.acyl-activating enzyme (1), dodecanoyl-CoA synthetase;

longevity longevity (lon-jev´i-te)

Duration of a particular life beyond the norm for the species. See also lifespan.macrobiosis;

longitudinal longitudinal (lon´ji-tu´di-nal)

1. Running lengthwise; in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of its parts. 2. Studied over a period of time, diachronic; contrast with cross-sectional or synchronic, which give equivalent results only under certain strict conditions of stability and equilibrium. Strict attention to these conditions is of the greatest importance in the study of survivorship either in demographics or in cell economy (such as the survival pattern of the erythrocytes and platelets).longitudinalis [NA]; [L. longitudo, length]

longitudinalis longitudinalis (lon´ji-tu´di-na´lis) [NA]

longitudinal

longitype longitype (lon´ji-tIp)

ectomorph

Longmire Longmire

William P., Jr., U.S. surgeon, *1913. See L.'s operation.

Looney Looney

Joseph M., U.S. biochemist, *1896. See Folin-Looney test.

loop loop (lup)

1. A sharp curve or complete bend in a vessel, cord, or other cylindrical body, forming an oval or circular ring. See also ansa. 2. A wire (usually of platinum or nichrome) fixed into a handle at one end and bent into a circle at the other, rendered sterile by flaming, and used to transfer microorganisms. [M.E. loupe]
Biebl l. a continuous l. of small intestine brought through the abdominal wall to a subcutaneous location, for observation of motility.
bulboventricular l. the portion of the early-somite embryonic cardiac tube that evolves into the ventricle and bulbus cordis.ventricular l;
capillary l.'s small blood vessels in the dermal papillae.
cervical l. ansa cervicalis
cruciform l.'s a secondary structure of DNA formed by the hydrogen bonding of self-complementary regions.
D l. a structure in replicating circular DNA.displacement l;
displacement l. D l
gamma l. the reflex arc consisting of small anterior horn cells and neuroma, their small fibers projecting to the intrafusal bundle producing its contraction, which initiates the afferent impulses that pass through the posterior root to the anterior horn cells, inducing a stretch reflex.gamma motor neurons, gamma motor system, Granit's l;
Gerdy's interatrial l. a muscular fasciculus in the interatrial septum of the heart, passing backward from the atrioventricular groove.
Granit's l. gamma l
hairpin l.'s single-stranded DNA and RNA can fold back on itself under the proper conditions forming irregular double-helical l.'s.
Henle's l. nephronic l
l. of hypoglossal nerve ansa cervicalis
Hyrtl's l. a communicating l. between the right and left hypoglossal nerves, lying between the geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles or in the substance of the geniohyoid; it is found in about one in ten persons.Hyrtl's anastomosis;
lenticular l. the pallidal efferent fibers curving around the medial border of the internal capsule.ansa lenticularis [NA], lenticular ansa;
memory l. an electronic device for retrieving data that had been stored and/or displayed upon the oscilloscope at an earlier time; used for reviewing electrical events immediately preceding a specific disturbance.
Meyer-Archambault l. the fibers of the visual radiation that loop around the tip of the temporal horn.
nephronic l. the U-shaped part of the nephron extending from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubules, consisting of descending and ascending limbs, located in the medulla renalis and medullary ray.Henle's ansa, Henle's l;
peduncular l. ansa peduncularis
l.'s of spinal nerves loops of the spinal nerves, connecting ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves.ansae nervorum spinalium;
subclavian l. ansa subclavia
vector l. an irregular, usually elliptical, curve representing the average direction and magnitude of the heart's action from moment to moment throughout the cardiac cycle. See also vector (2), vectorcardiogram.
ventricular l. bulboventricular l
Vieussens' l. ansa subclavia

loosening of association loosening of association

A manifestation of a severe thought disorder characterized by the lack of an obvious connection between one thought or phrase and the next, or with the response to a question.

Looser Looser

Emil, Swiss physician, 1877-1936. See L.'s zones, under zone.

LOP LOP

Abbreviation for left occipitoposterior position.

lop-ear lop-ear (lop´er)

Congenital deformity of the external ear, with poor development of helix and anthelix.bat ear;

loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride (lo-per´a-mId)

4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-a,a-diphenyl-1-piperidinebutyramide monohydrochloride;an antiperistaltic agent used to treat diarrhea.

lophodont lophodont (lof´o-dont)

Having the crowns of the molar teeth formed in transverse or longitudinal crests or ridges, in contrast to bunodont. [G. lophos, ridge, + odous, tooth]

Lophophora williamsii Lophophora williamsii (lo-fof´o-ra wil-yam´se-I)

The botanical origin of peyote (mescal button); it contains over a dozen alkaloids, of which mescaline is the most important; others are pellotine, anhalomine, anhalonidine, anhalamine, anhalinine, anhalidine, and lophophorine.

lophotrichate lophotrichate (lo-fot´ri-kat)

lophotrichous

lophotrichous lophotrichous (lo-fot´ri-kus)

Referring to a bacterial cell with two or more flagella at one or both poles.lophotrichate; [G. lophos, crest, + thrix, hair]

lopremone lopremone (lo´pre-mon)

Former name for protirelin.

Lorain Lorain

Paul, French physician, 1827-1875. See L.'s disease; L.-Lévi dwarfism, infantilism, syndrome.

lorazepam lorazepam (lo-ra´ze-pam)

7-Chloro-5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one;an antianxiety drug of the benzodiazepine group.

lorcainide lorcainide (lor-ka-nId)

An antiarrhythmic agent used for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias; much like a cardiac depressant (antiarrhythmic).

lordoscoliosis lordoscoliosis (lor´do-sko-le-o´sis)

Combined backward and lateral curvature of the spine. [G. lordos, bent back, + skoliosis, crookedness, fr. skolios, bent, aslant]

lordosis lordosis (lor-do´sis)

An abnormal extension deformity; anteroposterior curvature of the spine, generally lumbar with the convexity looking anteriorly.hollow back, saddle back; [G. lordosis, a bending backward]

lordotic lordotic (lor-dot´ik)

Pertaining to or marked by lordosis.

Lorenz Lorenz

Adolf, Austrian surgeon, 1854-1946. See L.'s sign.

Loschmidt Loschmidt

Joseph (Johann), Czech chemist and physicist, 1821-1895. See L.'s number.

LOT LOT

Abbreviation for left occipitotransverse position.

lotion lotion (lo´shun)

A class of pharmacopeial preparations that are liquid suspensions or dispersions intended for external application; some consist of finely powdered, insoluble solids held in more or less permanent suspension by suspending agents or surface-active agents, or both; others are oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surface-active agents. [L. lotio, a washing, fr. lavo, to wash]

Louis Louis

Pierre C.A., French physician, 1787-1872. See L.'s angle, law.

Louis-Bar Louis-Bar

Denise, mid-20th century French physician. See Louis-Bar syndrome.

loupe loupe (lup)

A magnifying lens. [Fr.]
binocular l. a magnifying device, attached to spectacles or a headband, worn as a visual aid when performing operations on small structures.

louse louse, pl. lice (lows, lIs)

Common name for members of the ectoparasitic insect orders Anoplura (sucking lice) and Mallophaga (biting lice). Important species are Felicola subrostrata (cat l.), Goniocotes gallinae (fluff l.), Goniodes dissimilis (brown chicken l.), Haemodipsus ventricosus (rabbit l.), Lipeurus caponis (wing l.), Menacanthus stramineus (chicken body l.), Phthirus pubis (crab or pubic l.), and Polyplax serratus (mouse l.). [A.S. lus]
biting l. , chewing l. , feather l. ectoparasites (order Mallophaga) chiefly found on birds, where they feed on feathers, hair, epidermal debris, and (less commonly) on blood; they possess nipper-like, heavily sclerotized mandibles and a characteristic broad head; many species are host-specific.
sucking l. blood-sucking mammalian ectoparasites (order Anoplura), characterized by a narrow head with piercing and sucking mouthparts that lie in a sac concealed in the head.

lousiness lousiness (low´ze-nes)

pediculosis

lousy lousy (low´se)

pediculous

lovastatin lovastatin (lo-va-stat´in)

A cholesterol-lowering agent, isolated from a strain of Aspergillus terreus, that reduces both normal and elevated serum cholesterol.mevinolin;

Lovén Lovén

Otto C., Swedish physician, 1835-1904. See L. reflex.

Lovibond Lovibond

J.L., 20th century English dermatologist.

Lovibond's profile sign Lovibond's profile sign

See under sign.

Low Low

George C., English physician, 1872-1952. See Castellani-L. sign.

Lowe Lowe

Charles U., U.S. pediatrician, *1921. See L.'s syndrome; L.-Terrey-MacLachlan syndrome.

Löwenberg Löwenberg

Benjamin B., French laryngologist, 1836-1905. See L.'s canal, forceps, scala.

Löwenstein Löwenstein

L.W. See Buschke-L. tumor.

Lower Lower

Richard, English anatomist and physiologist, 1631-1691. See L.'s ring, tubercle.

Lown Lown

Bernard, U.S. cardiologist, *1921. See L.-Ganong-Levine syndrome.

Lowry Lowry

R. Brian, 20th century Irish medical geneticist in Canada. See Coffin-L. syndrome.

Lowry Lowry

Oliver H., U.S. biochemist, *1910. See Lowry-Folin assay; L. protein assay.

Lowsley Lowsley

Oswald S., U.S. urologist, 1884-1955. See L. tractor.

loxapine loxapine (lok´sa-pen)

2-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)dibenz[b,f][1,4]-oxazepine; a neuroleptic antipsychotic agent used as the succinate and hydrochloride salts.

loxia loxia (lok´se-a)

torticollis [G. loxos, oblique, slanting]

Loxosceles Loxosceles (lok-sos´e-lez)

A genus of venomous spiders, the brown spiders, marked by a fiddle-shaped pattern on the cephalothorax, and found chiefly in South America. They inflict a highly ulcerative, spreading dermal lesion at the site of the bite (loxoscelism). Important species include L. laeta, the Chilean brown spider; L. reclusus, the brown spider of North America; and L. rufipes, the Peruvian brown spider. [G. loxos, oblique, + skelos, leg]

loxoscelism loxoscelism (lok-sos´e-lizm)

A clinical illness produced by the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusus, of North America; characterized by gangrenous slough at the site of the bite, nausea, malaise, fever, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia.

Loxotrema ovatum Loxotrema ovatum (lok-so-tre´ma o-va´tum)

Former name for Metagonimus yokogawai. [G. loxos, slanting, + trema, a hole; L. ovatus, egg-shaped]

lozenge lozenge (loz´enj)

troche [Fr. losange, fr. lozangé, rhombic]

LPH LPH

Abbreviation for lipotropic hormone.

L.P.N. L.P.N.

Abbreviation for licensed practical nurse.

LPO LPO

Abbreviation for left posterior oblique, a radiographic projection.

LPS LPS

Abbreviation for lipopolysaccharide.

Lr Lr

Symbol for lawrencium.

Lr Lr , L_r

See Lr dose.

L.R.C.P. L.R.C.P.

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (of England).

L.R.C.P.(E) L.R.C.P.(E)

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (Edinburgh).

L.R.C.P.(I) L.R.C.P.(I)

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (Ireland).

L.R.C.S. L.R.C.S.

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons (of England).

L.R.C.S.(E) L.R.C.S.(E)

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh).

L.R.C.S.(I) L.R.C.S.(I)

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons (Ireland).

LRF LRF

Abbreviation for luteinizing hormone-releasing factor.

L.R.F.P.S. L.R.F.P.S.

Abbreviation for Licentiate of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, a Scottish institution.

LRH LRH

Abbreviation for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

LSA LSA

Abbreviation for left sacroanterior position.

LSD LSD

Abbreviation for lysergic acid diethylamide.

LSF LSF

Abbreviation for line spread function.

LSP LSP

Abbreviation for left sacroposterior position.

LST LST

Abbreviation for left sacrotransverse position.

LT LT

Abbreviation for leukotrienes, usually followed by another letter with a subscript number; e.g., LTA₄, LTC₄.

LTH LTH

Abbreviation for luteotropic hormone.

LTM LTM

Abbreviation for long-term memory.

LTR LTR

Abbreviation for long terminal repeat sequences, under sequence.

Lu Lu

Symbol for lutetium.

Lubarsch Lubarsch

Otto, German pathologist, 1860-1933. See L.'s crystals, under crystal.

Luc Luc

Henri, French laryngologist, 1855-1925. See L.'s operation; Caldwell-L. operation; Ogston-L. operation.

lucanthone hydrochloride lucanthone hydrochloride (lu-kan´thon)

1,2´-Diethylaminoethylamino-4-methylthiaxanthone hydrochloride;used in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium) and intestinal schistosomiasis (S. mansoni).

Lucas Lucas

Richard C., English anatomist and surgeon, 1846-1915. See L.'s groove.

lucensomycin lucensomycin (lu-sen-so-mI´sin)

An antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces lucensis; an antifungal agent.lucimycin;

lucent lucent (lu´sent)

Bright; clear; translucent. [L. lucere, to shine]

Lucibacterium Lucibacterium (lu´si-bak-ter-e-um)

A genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic, motile, peritrichous bacteria containing Gram-negative rods. Their metabolism is fermentative, and they are usually luminescent. They occur on the surface of dead fish and in sea water. The type species is L. harveyi. [L. luceo, to shine, + bacterium]
L. harveyi a species of luminescent bacteria found in sea water; it is the type species of the genus L.Photobacterium harveyi;

lucid lucid (lu´sid)

Clear, not obscured or confused, as in a l. moment or l. spoken expression. [L. lucidus, clear]

lucidification lucidification (lu-sid´i-fi-ka´shun)

clarification [L. lucidus, clear, + facio, to make]

lucidity lucidity (lu-sid´i-te)

The quality or state of being lucid.

luciferases luciferases (lu-sif´er-as-ez)

Enzymes present in certain luminous organisms that act to bring about the oxidation of luciferins; energy produced in the process is liberated as bioluminescence; such enzymes can be used to detect very low concentrations of metabolites. [L. lux, light + fero, to bear]

luciferins luciferins (lu-sif´er-inz)

Chemical substances present in certain luminous organisms that, when acted upon by luciferases, produce bioluminescence.

lucifugal lucifugal (lu-sif´yu-gal)

Avoiding light. [L. lux, light, + fugio, to flee from]

Lucilia Lucilia (lu-sil´e-a)

A genus of scavenging blowflies (family Calliphoridae), commonly called bluebottle or greenbottle flies, whose larvae feed on carrion or excrement; they occasionally cause wound infestation or myiasis.
L. cae´sar a species whose larvae formerly were used in the treatment of septic wounds. See also Phormia regina.
L. cupri´na the most important cause of blowfly strike of sheep in Australia and South Africa.
L. illus´tris a metallic blue-green blowfly widely distributed in North America; the eggs are deposited chiefly on animal carcasses.
L. serica´ta Phaenicia sericata

lucimycin lucimycin (lu-si-mI´sin)

lucensomycin

Lucio Lucio

R., Mexican physician, 1819-1866. See L.'s leprosy, leprosy phenomenon.

lucipetal lucipetal (lu-sip´i-tal)

Seeking light. [L. lux, light, + peto, to seek]

Lucké Lucké

Balduin, U.S. pathologist, 1889-1954. See L. carcinoma; L.'s adenocarcinoma, virus.

Lücke Lücke

George A., German surgeon, 1829-1894. See L.'s test.

lückenschädel lückenschädel (luk-en-sha´dl)

Craniolacunia with meningocele or encephalocele. [Ger. Lücke, gap + Schädel, skull]

lucotherapy lucotherapy (lu´ko-thar-a-pe)

phototherapy [L. lux, light, + G. therapeia, therapy]

ludic ludic (lu´dik)

Playlike; playfully pretending. [G. ludus, game]

Ludloff Ludloff

Karl, German surgeon, 1864-1945. See L.'s sign.

Ludwig Ludwig

Daniel, German anatomist, 1625-1680. See L.'s angle.

Ludwig Ludwig

Karl F.W., German anatomist and physiologist, 1816-1895. See depressor nerve of L.; L.'s ganglion, labyrinth, nerve, stromuhr.

Ludwig Ludwig

Kurt, German anatomist, *1922. See Klinger-L. acid-thionin stain for sex chromatin.

Ludwig Ludwig

Wilhelm Friedrich von, German surgeon, 1790-1865. See L.'s angina.

Luebering Luebering

J. See Rapoport-Luebering shunt.

Luer Luer

German instrument maker, 1883. See L. syringe; L.-Lok syringe.

lues lues (lu´ez)

A plague or pestilence; specifically, syphilis. [L. pestilence]
l. vene´rea syphilis

luetic luetic (lu-et´ik)

syphilitic

Luft Luft

Rolf, 20th century Swedish endocrinologist. See L.'s disease.

Luft Luft

John H., U.S. histologist, *1927. See L.'s potassium permanganate fixative.

Lugol Lugol

Jean G.A., French physician, 1786-1851. See Lugol's iodine solution.

Lukes-Collins classification Lukes-Collins classification

See under classification.

LUL LUL

Abbreviation for left upper lobe (of lung).

luliberin luliberin (lu-lib´er-in)

A decapeptide hormone from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; [luteinizing hormone + L. libero, to free, + -in]

lumbago lumbago (lum-ba´go)

Pain in mid and lower back; a descriptive term not specifying cause.lumbar rheumatism; [L. fr. lumbus, loin]
ischemic l. an intermittent claudication of the back; a vascular form of backache characterized by a painful cramp of the muscles in the lumbar region excited by the exertion of walking or standing and promptly relieved by rest.

lumbar lumbar (lum´bar)

Relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis. [L. lumbus, a loin]

lumbarization lumbarization (lum´bar-i-za´shun)

A congenital anomaly of the lumbosacral junction characterized by development of the first sacral vertebra as a lumbar vertebra; there are six lumbar vertebrae instead of five.

lumbi lumbi (lum´bI)

Plural of lumbus. [L.]

lumboabdominal lumboabdominal (lum´bo-ab-dom´i-nal)

Relating to the sides and front of the abdomen.

lumbocolostomy lumbocolostomy (lum´bo-ko-los´to-me)

Obsolete term for formation of a permanent opening into the colon via an incision through the lumbar region. [L. lumbus, loin, + G. kolon, colon, + stoma, mouth]

lumbocolotomy lumbocolotomy (lum´bo-ko-lot´o-me)

Obsolete term for incision into the colon through the lumbar region. [L. lumbus, loin, + G. kolon, colon, + tome, incision]

lumbocostal lumbocostal (lum´bo-kos´tal)

1. Relating to the lumbar and the hypochondriac regions. 2. Relating to the lumbar vertebrae and the ribs; denoting a ligament connecting the first lumbar vertebra with the neck of the twelfth rib. [L. lumbus, loin, + costa, rib]

lumboiliac lumboiliac (lum-bo-il´e-ak)

lumboinguinal

lumboinguinal lumboinguinal (lum´bo-ing´gwi-nal)

Relating to the lumbar and the inguinal regions.lumboiliac; [L. lumbus, loin, + inguen (inguin-), groin]

lumbo-ovarian lumbo-ovarian (lum-bo-o-va´re-an)

Relating to the ovary and the lumbar regions.

lumbosacral lumbosacral (lum´bo-sa´kral)

Relating to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum.sacrolumbar;

lumbrical lumbrical (lum´bri-kal)

lumbricoid (1) [L. lumbricus, earthworm]

lumbricalis lumbricalis

See lumbrical muscle of hand, lumbrical muscle of foot.

lumbricidal lumbricidal (lum-bri-sI´dal)

Destructive to lumbricoid (intestinal) worms.

lumbricide lumbricide (lum´bri-sId)

An agent that kills lumbricoid (intestinal) worms. [L. lumbricus, worm, + caedo, to kill]

lumbricoid lumbricoid (lum´bri-koyd)

1. Denoting or resembling a roundworm, especially Ascaris lumbricoides.lumbrical, lumbricus (1); See also scolecoid (2), vermiform. 2. Obsolete common name for Ascaris lumbricoides. [L. lumbricus, earthworm, + G. eidos, resemblance]

lumbricosis lumbricosis (lum´bri-ko´sis)

Infection with round intestinal worms.

lumbricus lumbricus (lum´bri-kus)

1. lumbricoid (1) 2. Obsolete name for Ascaris lumbricoides. [L. earthworm]

lumbus lumbus, gen and pl. lumbi (lum´bus, -bI) [NA]

loin [L.]

lumen lumen, pl. lumina lumens (lu´men, -min-a, -menz)

1. The space in the interior of a tubular structure, such as an artery or the intestine. 2. (lm) The unit of luminous flux; the luminous flux emitted in a unit solid angle of 1 steradian by a uniform point source of light having a luminous intensity of 1 candela. [L. light, window]
residual l. residual cleft

lumichrome lumichrome (lu´mi-krom)

7,8-Dimethylalloxazine;riboflavin minus its ribityl side chain; produced by ultraviolet irradiation of riboflavin in acid solution.

lumiflavin lumiflavin (lu´mi-fla-vin)

7,8,10-Trimethylisoalloxazine;a yellow photoderivative of riboflavin, bearing a methyl group in place of the ribityl; produced by ultraviolet irradiation of riboflavin in alkaline solution.

lumina lumina (lu´mi-na)

Plural of lumen. [L.]

luminal luminal (lu´mi-nal)

Relating to the lumen of a blood vessel or other tubular structure.

luminance luminance (lu´mi-nans)

The brightness of an object, expressed as the luminous flux per unit solid angle per unit projected area, measured in lamberts or in candelas per square meter. [L. lumino, to light up, fr. lumen, light]

luminescence luminescence (lu-mi-nes´ens)

Emission of light from a body as a result of a chemical reaction. See bioluminescence. [L. lumen, light]

luminiferous luminiferous (lu-mi-nif´er-us)

Producing or conveying light. [L. lumen, light, + fero, to carry]

luminophore luminophore (lu´mi-no-for)

An atom or atomic grouping in an organic compound that increases its ability to emit light. [L. lumen, light, + G. phoros, bearing]

luminous luminous (lu´mi-nus)

Emitting light, with or without accompanying heat. [L. lumen, light]

lumirhodopsin lumirhodopsin (lu´mi-ro-dop´sin)

An intermediate between rhodopsin and all-trans-retinal plus opsin during bleaching of rhodopsin by light; formed from bathorhodopsin and converted to metarhodopsin I with a half-life of about 20 mus. [L. lumen, light, + G. rhodon, rose, + opsis, vision]

lumisterol lumisterol (lum-e-ster´ol)

1. A by-product in ergocalciferol biosynthesis. 2. A phosphorylated derivative of ribulose that is an intermediate in the pentose monophosphate shunt.

lumpectomy lumpectomy (lum-pek´to-me)

Removal of either a benign or malignant lesion from the breast with preservation of essential anatomy of the breast. [lump + G. ektome, excision]

Luna Luna

Lee G., 20th century U.S. medical technologist. See L.-Ishak stain.

lunacy lunacy (lu´na-se)

1. An obsolete term for a form of insanity characterized by alternating lucid and insane periods, believed to be influenced by phases of the moon. 2. Any form of insanity. 3. Insanity as defined variously by law. [L. luna, moon]

lunar lunar (lu´ner)

1. Relating to the moon or to a month. 2. Resembling the moon in shape, especially a half moon.lunate (1), semilunar; See also crescentic. 3. Relating to silver (the moon was the symbol of silver in alchemy). [L. luna, moon]

lunar caustic lunar caustic

toughened silver nitrate

lunare lunare (lu-na´re)

lunate bone

lunate lunate (lu´nat)

1. lunar (2) 2. Relating to the lunate bone.

lunatic lunatic (lu´na-tik)

Obsolete term for a mentally ill person. [see lunacy]

lunatomalacia lunatomalacia (lu-na´to-ma-la´she-a)

Kienböck's disease

lung lung (lung)

One of a pair of viscera occupying the pulmonary cavities of the thorax, the organs of respiration in which aeration of the blood takes place. As a rule, the right l. is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes (an upper, a middle, and a lower or basal), while the left has but two lobes (an upper and a lower or basal). Each l. is irregularly conical in shape, presenting a blunt upper extremity (the apex), a concave base following the curve of the diaphragm, an outer convex surface (costal surface), an inner or mediastinal surface (mediastinal surface), a thin and sharp anterior border, and a thick and rounded posterior border.pulmo [NA]; [A.S. lungen]
air-conditioner l. an extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by forced air contaminated by thermophilic actinomycetes and other organisms.
bird-breeder's l. , bird-fancier's l. extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of particulate avian emanations; sometimes specified by avian species, e.g., pigeon-breeder's l., budgerigar-breeder's l.bird-breeder's disease;
black l. a form of pneumoconiosis, common in coal miners, characterized by deposit of carbon particles in the l.miner's l. (2);
brown l. obstructive airway disease with asthma produced by exposure to cotton dust, flax or hemp. See also byssinosis.
butterfly l. hemorrhagic markings appearing on an animal's l. after inoculation with Leptospira interrogans (L. icterohaemorrhagiae).
cardiac l. disturbance in pulmonary anatomy and physiology secondary to valvular disease of the heart or to other disturbances of circulation incident to cardiac disease.
cheese worker's l. extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of spores of Penicillium casei from moldy cheese.
collier's l. anthracosis
coptic l. condition caused by the cloth lung.
endstage l. severe diffuse interstitial fibrosis and honeycombing.
farmer's l. a hypersensitivity pneumonitis characterized by fever and dyspnea, caused by inhalation of organic dust from moldy hay containing spores of actinomycetes such as Micromonospora vulgaris, M. faeni, Thermopolyspora polyspora, and certain true fungi, which thrive in the elevated temperatures of hay lofts and silos; repeated exposure may result in alveolar sensitization and, ultimately, granulomatous lung disease with severe l. disability.thresher's l;
fibroid l. chronic interstitial pneumonia in a l.
honeycomb l. the radiological and gross appearance of the l.'s resulting from interstitial fibrosis and cystic dilation of bronchioles and distal air spaces; of unknown cause or a sequel of any of several diseases, including eosinophilic granuloma and sarcoidosis.
hyperlucent l. the radiographic finding that a l. or portion thereof is less dense than normal, as from air trapping by a bronchial foreign body, asymmetric emphysema, or decreasing blood flow. See unilateral hyperlucent l.
iron l. Drinker respirator
malt-worker's l. extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of spores of Aspergillus clavatus and A. fumigatus from contaminated barley during the manufacture of beer.
mason's l. silicosis occurring in stone masons.
miner's l. 1. anthracosis 2. black l
mushroom-worker's l. extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of spores of the mold Thermopolyspora polyspora or Micromonospora vulgaris from contaminated mushrooms under cultivation.
postperfusion l. a condition in which abnormal pulmonary function develops in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery involving the use of an extracorporeal circulation; now rare due to advances in perfusion technique and equipment.
pump l. shock l
quiet l. the collapse of a l. during thoracic operations undertaken to facilitate surgical procedure through absence of l. movement.
shock l. in shock, the development of edema, impaired perfusion, and reduction in alveolar space so that the alveoli collapse.pump l., wet l. (1), white l;
silo-filler's l. pulmonary edema, usually delayed for 1-4 hours, occurring in an individual exposed to silage, probably due to nitrogen dioxide; can progress to bronchiolitis obliterans.
thresher's l. farmer's l
trench l. a psychogenic hyperventilation marked by paroxysmal attacks of rapid breathing, without any signs of organic disease, observed in stressful situations such as battle.
unilateral hyperlucent l. chronic bronchiolitis obliterans predominating on one side. See unilateral lobar emphysema.
uremic l. perihilar edema of the l. associated with renal failure and hypertension; the peripheral parts of the l. remain clear.uremic pneumonia (1), uremic pneumonitis;
vanishing l. See vanishing lung syndrome.
welder's l. relatively benign form of pneumoconiosis, associated with welding, resulting from deposit of fine metallic particles in the l.
wet l. , white l. 1. shock l 2. adult respiratory distress syndrome

lungworms lungworms (lung´wermz)

Nematodes that inhabit the air passages of animals, chiefly in the family Metastrongylidae (or Protostrongylidae). See Aelurostrongylus, Crenosoma vulpis, Dictyocaulus, Metastrongylus, Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus rufescens.

lunula lunula, pl. lunulae (lu´nu-la, -le)

1. [NA] The pale arched area at the proximal portion of the nail plate.arcus unguium, half-moon, selene unguium; 2. A small semilunar structure. [L. dim. of luna, moon]
azure l. of nails bluish nonblanching discoloration of the lunulae of all the fingernails in hepatolenticular degeneration.
l. of semilunar valve the free border of a semilunar valve at each side of the nodulus valvulae semilunaris.l. valvulae semilunaris [NA];
l. val´vulae semiluna´ris [NA] l. of semilunar valve

lupiform lupiform (lu´pi-form)

lupoid

lupinidine lupinidine (lu-pin´i-den)

sparteine

lupinosis lupinosis (lu-pi-no´sis)

lathyrism [L. lupinus, lupine, fr. lupus, wolf]

lupoid lupoid (lu´poyd)

Resembling lupus.lupiform; [L. lupus + G. eidos, resemblance]

lupous lupous (lu´pus)

Relating to lupus.

lupulin lupulin (lu´pu-lin)

A sticky, yellowish, granular material consisting of entire multicellular glandular hairs (trichomes) from the fruit and bracts of the hop vine, Humulus lupulus; the essential oils and resins of these glandular hairs are responsible for the characteristic bitter taste of beer or medicinals made from hops; has been used as an antispasmodic and sedative.humulin;

lupus lupus (lu´pus)

A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating the various diseases listed below. [L. wolf]
chilblain l. 1. chilblain l. erythematosus 2. lupus pernio that is a manifestation of sarcoidosis.
chilblain l. erythematosus skin lesions seen in patients with l. erythematosus, resembling the small, hardened nodular areas of a cold injury called chilblains.chilblain l. (1);
chronic discoid l. erythemato´sus discoid l. erythematosus
cutaneous l. erythematosus 1. skin disease seen in patients with discoid form of l. erythematosus; 2. a term for a variety of skin lesions seen in systemic l. erythematosus.
discoid l. erythemato´sus a form of l. erythematosus in which cutaneous lesions are present; these commonly appear on the face and are atrophic plaques with erythema, hyperkeratosis, follicular plugging, and telangiectasia; in some instances systemic l. erythematosis may develop.chronic discoid l. erythematosus;
disseminated l. erythemato´sus systemic l. erythematosus
drug-induced l. the syndrome of systemic l. erythematosus induced by exposure to drugs, especially procainamide or hydralazine and characterized by anti-histone antibodies. More benign than the usual disease, with less renal involvement. The syndrome clears after stopping the offending drug.
l. erythemato´des l. erythematosus
l. erythemato´sus (LE, L.E.) an illness which may be chronic (characterized by skin lesions alone), subacute (characterized by recurring superficial nonscarring skin lesions that are more disseminated and present more acute features both clinically and histologically than those seen in the chronic discoid phase), or systemic or disseminated (in which antinuclear antibodies are present and in which there is almost always involvement of vital structures). See also discoid l. erythematosus, systemic l. erythematosus.l. erythematodes, l. superficialis;
l. erythematosus, neonatal l. erythematosus present at birth as a result of placentally transmitted antibodies from a mother with systemic l. erythematosus; characterized by transient hematopoietic and cutaneous lesions and permanent cardiac abnormalities.
l. erythemato´sus profun´dus a subcutaneous panniculitis with marked lymphocyte infiltration of fat lobules giving rise to deep-seated, firm, rubbery nodules that sometimes become ulcerated, usually of the face; may occur in systemic and localized l. erythematosus.l. profundus;
l. livi´do persistent cyanotic lesions on the extremities, associated with the cutaneous manifestations of Raynaud's disease.
l. lymphat´icus lymphangioma circumscriptum
l. milia´ris dissemina´tus facie´i a millet-like papular eruption of the face, associated with a (histopathologically) tuberculoid perifollicular infiltration, but probably related to rosacea rather than tuberculous infection.
l. mu´tilans cutaneous tuberculosis with extensive destruction of tissue.
neonatal l. l. erythematosus occurring in newborn children of mothers who had lupus during pregnancy; anti-SSA antibodies usually should be screened for; 50% have anti-nuclear antibodies. A variety of skin lesions are seen, which can resolve or leave scarring; the syndrome usually resolves; however cardiac manifestations can be fatal. Some children develop systemic lupus later in life.
l. papillomato´sus tuberculosis cutis verrucosa
l. per´nio sarcoid lesions, clinically resembling frostbite and microscopically resembling l. vulgaris, involving ears, cheeks, nose, hands, and fingers.
l. profundus (pro-fun´dus) l. erythematosus profundus [L. deep]
l. seba´ceus l. erythematosus with lesions on the face in butterfly areas.
l. serpigino´sus a cutaneous tuberculous lesion that spreads peripherally, healing centrally with scar formation.
l. superficia´lis l. erythematosus
systemic l. erythemato´sus (SLE) an inflammatory connective tissue disease with variable features, frequently including fever, weakness and fatigability, joint pains or arthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis, diffuse erythematous skin lesions on the face, neck, or upper extremities, with liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer and epidermal atrophy, lymphadenopathy, pleurisy or pericarditis, glomerular lesions, anemia, hyperglobulinemia, and a positive LE cell test, with serum antibodies to double-stranded DNA and acidic nuclear protein (Sm).disseminated l. erythematosus;
l. tuberculo´sus l. vulgaris
l. verruco´sus tuberculosis cutis verrucosa
l. vulga´ris cutaneous tuberculosis with characteristic nodular lesions on the face, particularly about the nose and ears.l. tuberculosus, tuberculosis cutis luposa;

LUQ LUQ

Abbreviation for left upper quadrant (of abdomen).

lura lura (lu´ra)

The contracted termination of the infundibulum of the brain. [L. the mouth of a bottle]

lural lural (lu´ral)

Pertaining to the lura.

Luschka Luschka

Hubert, German anatomist, 1820-1875. See L.'s bursa, cartilage, ducts, under duct, gland, cystic glands, under gland, joints, under joint, ligaments, under ligament, sinus, tonsil; foramen of L.

Luse Luse

Sarah A., 20th century U.S. physician. See L. bodies, under body.

lute lute (lut)

To seal or fasten with wax or cement. [L. lutum, mud]

luteal luteal (lu´te-al)

Relating to the corpus luteum; l. cells, l. hormone, etc.luteus [NA]; [L. luteus, saffron-yellow]

lutecium lutecium (lu-te´se-um)

lutetium

lutein lutein (lu´te-in)

1. The yellow pigment in the corpus luteum, in the yolk of eggs, or any lipochrome. 2. xanthophyll 3. The dried powdered corpora lutea of the hog, formerly used as a progesterone source. [L. luteus, saffron-yellow]

luteinization luteinization (lu´te-in-i-za´shun)

Transformation of the mature ovarian follicle and its theca interna into a corpus luteum after ovulation; formation of luteal tissue, which appears yellow in some species.

luteinize luteinize (lu´te-I-nIz)

To form luteal tissue.

luteinoma luteinoma (lu´te-i-no´ma)

luteoma

Lutembacher Lutembacher

René, French cardiologist, 1884-1916. See L.'s syndrome.

luteogenic luteogenic (lu´te-o-jen´ik)

Luteinizing; inducing the production or growth of corpora lutea.

luteohormone luteohormone (lu´te-o-hor´mon)

progesterone

luteol luteol , luteole (lu´te-ol, -ol)

xanthophyll

luteolin luteolin (lu-te-o´lin)

3´,4´,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone;the aglycon of galuteolin and cynaroside.cyanidenon;

luteolysin luteolysin (lu-te-ol´i-sin)

Any agent, natural or compounded, that destroys the function of the corpus luteum. [L. luteus, saffron-yellow, + G. lysis, dissolution]

luteolysis luteolysis (lu-te-ol´i-sis)

Degeneration or destruction of ovarian luteinized tissue.

luteolytic luteolytic (lu-te-o-lit´ik)

Promoting or characteristic of luteolysis.

luteoma luteoma (lu-te-o´ma)

An ovarian tumor of granulosa or theca-lutein cell origin, producing progesterone effects on the uterine mucosa.luteinoma;
pregnancy l. a benign lutein cell tumor of the ovary.

luteotropic luteotropic , luteotrophic (lu´te-o-trop´ik, -trof´ik)

Having a stimulating action on the development and function of the corpus luteum.

luteotropin luteotropin (lu´te-o-tro´pin)

An anterior pituitary hormone whose action maintains the function of the corpus luteum.luteotropic hormone;

lutetium (Lu) lutetium (Lu) (lu-te´she-um)

A rare earth element; atomic no. 71, atomic wt. 174.967.lutecium; [L. Lutetia, Paris]

luteus luteus (lu-te´us) [NA]

luteal, luteal [L.]

Lutheran Blood Group Lutheran Blood Group , Lu Blood Group

See Blood Groups Appendix.

lutropin lutropin (lu´tro-pin)

A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the final ripening of the follicles and the secretion of progesterone by them, their rupture to release the egg, and the conversion of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, luteinizing principle;

lututrin lututrin (lu´tu-trin)

A water-soluble protein-like fraction extracted from the corpus luteum of sows' ovaries, resembling relaxin; it causes uterine relaxation and is used in dysmenorrhea.

Lutz Lutz

Alfredo, Brazilian physician, 1855-1940. See L.-Splendore-Almeida disease.

Lutzomyia Lutzomyia (lut-zo-mI´a)

A genus of New World sandflies or bloodsucking midges (family Psychodidae) that serve as vectors of leishmaniasis and Oroyo fever; formerly combined with the Old World sandfly genus Phlebotomus.
L. flaviscutella´ta a sandfly species that is a vector of Leishmania mexicana, the agent of chiclero's ulcer.Phlebotomus flaviscutellatus;
L. interme´dius one of a group of sandfly species that are vectors of Leishmania braziliensis, the agent of espundia.
L. longipal´pis Phlebotomus longipalpis
L. peruen´sis a sandfly species that is a vector of Leishmania peruviana, the agent of uta.

lux (lx) lux (lx) (luks)

A unit of light or illumination; the reception of a luminous flux of 1 lumen per square meter of surface.candle-meter, meter-candle; [L. light]

luxatio luxatio (luk-sa´she-o)

See luxation. [L. luxo, pp. -atus, to dislocate]
l. erec´ta subglenoid dislocation of the head of the humerus; the arm is raised and abducted and cannot be lowered.
l. perinea´lis a condition in which the head of the femur is dislocated to the perineum.

luxation luxation (luk-sa´shun)

1. dislocation 2. In dentistry, the dislocation or displacement of the condyle in the temporomandibular fossa, or of a tooth from the alveolus. [L. luxatio]
Malgaigne's l. nursemaid's elbow

Luxol fast blue Luxol fast blue

Name for a group of closely related copper phthalocyanin dyes used as stains (with PAS, PTAH, hematoxylin, silver nitrate, etc.) for myelin in nerve fibers.

luxus luxus (luks´us)

Excess of any sort. [L. extravagance, luxury]

Luys Luys

Jules B., French physician, 1828-1897. See L.'s body; centre médian de L.; corpus luysi; nucleus of L.

LVET LVET

Abbreviation for left ventricular ejection time.

L.V.N. L.V.N.

Abbreviation for licensed vocational nurse.

Lw Lw

Former symbol for lawrencium.

lx lx

Abbreviation for lux.

lyase lyase (lI´as)

Class name for those enzymes removing groups nonhydrolytically (EC class 4); prefixes such as "hydro-," "ammonia-," etc., are used to indicate the type of reaction. Trivial names for lyases include synthases, decarboxylases, aldolases, dehydratases. Cf. synthase, synthetase.

lycanthropy lycanthropy (lI-kan´thro-pe)

The morbid delusion that one is a wolf, possibly a mental atavism of the werewolf superstition. [G. lykos, wolf, + anthropos, man]

lycoctonine lycoctonine (lI-kok´to-nen)

An alkaloid, C₂₅H₄₁NO₇, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum, an exceedingly poisonous species of aconite; it also occurs in other species of Aconitum and Delphinium.

lycopene lycopene (lI´ko-pen)

ϒ,ϒ-Carotene;the red pigment of the tomato that may be considered chemically as the parent substance from which all natural carotenoid pigments are derived; an unsaturated hydrocarbon made up of 8 isoprene units, two of them hydrogenated, with 11 conjugated double bonds.

lycopenemia lycopenemia (lI´ko-pe-ne´me-a)

A condition in which there is a high concentration of lycopene in the blood, producing carotenoid-like yellowish pigmentation of the skin; found in people who consume excessive amounts of tomatoes or tomato juice, or lycopene-containing fruits and berries. [lycopene + G. haima, blood]

Lycoperdon Lycoperdon (lIko-per´don)

A genus of fungi (family Lycoperdaceae), some species of which have been used medicinally, e.g., in folk medicine, by nasal inhalation to treat epistaxis. The spores of L. bovista (L. gemmatum, L. caelatum) and of L. pyriforme may rarely produce lycoperdonosis.puffball; [G. lykos, wolf, + perdomai, to break wind]

lycoperdonosis lycoperdonosis (lI´ko-per-don-o´sis)

A persisting pneumonitis following inhalation of spores of the puffballs Lycoperdon pyriforme and L. bovista.

lycophora lycophora (lI-kof´o-ra)

The 10-hooked larva of primitive tapeworms of the subclass Cestodaria.

lycopodium lycopodium (lI-ko-po´de-um)

The spores of Lycopodium clavatum (family Lycopodiaceae) and other species of L.; a yellow, tasteless, and odorless powder; was used as a dusting powder and in pharmacy to prevent the agglutination of pills in a box.club moss, vegetable sulfur; [G. lykos, wolf, + pous, foot]

lye lye (lI)

The liquid obtained by leaching wood ashes. See potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide.lixivium; [A.S. leáh]

Lyell Lyell

Aian. See L.'s disease, syndrome.

lygophilia lygophilia (lI-go-fil´e-a)

Morbid preference for dark places. [G. lyge, twilight, + phileo, to love]

lymecycline lymecycline (lI-me-sI´klen)

Tetracycline-methylene lysine;an antimicrobial agent.

Lymnaea Lymnaea (lim-ne´a)

A genus of snails, species of which are invertebrate hosts for the liver or sheep liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, and other trematodes. [G. limne, marsh]

lymph lymph (limf)

A clear, transparent, sometimes faintly yellow and slightly opalescent fluid that is collected from the tissues throughout the body, flows in the lymphatic vessels (through the l. nodes), and is eventually added to the venous blood circulation. L. consists of a clear liquid portion, varying numbers of white blood cells (chiefly lymphocytes), and a few red blood cells.lympha [NA]; [L. lympha, clear spring water]
aplastic l. l. containing a relatively large number of leukocytes, but comparatively little fibrinogen; such l. does not form a good clot and manifests only a slight tendency to become organized.corpuscular l;
blood l. l. exuded from the blood vessels and not derived from the fluid in the tissue spaces.
corpuscular l. aplastic l
croupous l. a form of inflammatory l. with an unusually large content of fibrinogen; as a result of the fibrin that is formed in relatively dense mats, a pseudomembrane is likely to be produced.
dental l. dentinal fluid
euplastic l. l. that contains relatively few leukocytes, but a comparatively high concentration of fibrinogen; such l. clots fairly well and tends to become organized with fibrous tissue.
fibrinous l. a euplastic or croupous l.
inflammatory l. a faintly yellow, usually coagulable fluid (i.e., euplastic l.) that collects on the surface of an acutely inflamed membrane or cutaneous wound.
intercellular l. the fluid in the potential spaces between cells in the various organs and tissues.
intravascular l. l. within the lymphatic vessels, in contrast to intercellular l. and l. that has exuded from the vessels.
plastic l. inflammatory l. that has a tendency to become organized.
tissue l. true l., i.e., l. derived chiefly from fluid in tissue spaces (in contrast to blood l.).
vaccine l. , vaccinia l. that collected from the vesicles of vaccinia infection, and used for active immunization against smallpox.

lymph- lymph-

See lympho-.

lympha lympha (lim´fa) [NA]

lymph [L.]

lymphaden lymphaden (limf´a-den)

lymph node [lymph- + G. aden, gland]

lymphaden- lymphaden-

See lymphadeno-.

lymphadenectomy lymphadenectomy (lim-fad-e-nek´to-me)

Excision of lymph nodes. [lymphadeno- + G. ektome, excision]

lymphadenitis lymphadenitis (lim´-fad´e-nI´tis)

Inflammation of a lymph node or lymph nodes. [lymphadeno- + G. -itis, inflammation]
caseous l. a specific disease of sheep caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and characterized by slowly progressing caseation necrosis of the lymph nodes, particularly those of the thorax.
dermatopathic l. dermatopathic lymphadenopathy
paratuberculous l. old term for chronic inflammation of certain lymph nodes, not specifically tuberculous (i.e., tubercle bacilli are not demonstrable), but associated with proved tuberculous inflammation in another part or organ of the body.
regional l. inflammation of a group of lymph nodes receiving drainage from a site of infection.
regional granulomatous l. cat-scratch disease
streptococcal l. a contagious bacterial disease of pigs caused by a group E streptococcus and characterized by the formation of abscesses in the cervical and/or cephalic lymph nodes.
tuberculosis l. tuberculous l
tuberculous l. l. resulting from infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculosis of the lymph nodes.tuberculosis l;

lymphadeno- lymphadeno- , lymphaden-

The lymph nodes. [L. lympha, spring water, + G. aden, gland]

lymphadenography lymphadenography (lim-fad´e-nog´ra-fe)

Radiographic visualization of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium; lymphography. [lymphadeno- + G. grapho, to write]

lymphadenoid lymphadenoid (lim-fad´e-noyd)

Relating to, or resembling, or derived from a lymph node. [lymphadeno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

lymphadenoma lymphadenoma (lim-fad´e-no´ma)

Obsolete term for: 1. An enlarged lymph node. 2. Hodgkin's disease [lymphadeno- + G. -oma, tumor]

lymphadenomatosis lymphadenomatosis (lim-fad´e-no-ma-to´sis)

Obsolete term for a condition characterized by the presence of several to numerous enlarged lymph nodes, as in lymphosarcoma or Hodgkin's disease.

lymphadenopathy lymphadenopathy (lim-fad-e-nop´a-the)

Any disease process affecting a lymph node or lymph nodes. [lymphadeno- + G. pathos, suffering]
angioimmunoblastic l. with dysproteinemia (AILD) a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by generalized l., hepatosplenomegaly, fever, sweats, weight loss, skin lesions, and pruritus with hypergammaglobulinemia; occurs primarily in older adults, often with fatal outcome. Proliferation of B cells, deficiency of T cells has been demonstrated.immunoblastic l;
dermatopathic l. enlargement of lymph nodes, with proliferation of pale-staining interdigitating reticulum cells and macrophages containing fat and melanin; secondary to various forms of dermatitis.dermatopathic lymphadenitis, lipomelanic reticulosis;
immunoblastic l. angioimmunoblastic l. with dysproteinemia
persistent generalized l. a syndrome characterized by reactive hyperplasia of lymph nodes (of at least one month's duration and at two different body sites, not including the inguinal area) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The lymph node lesions progress from benign reactive hyperplasia through a stage of mixed follicular hyperplasia, to follicular involution with lymphocyte depletion. Many go on to a malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

lymphadenosis lymphadenosis (lim-fad´e-no´sis)

The basic underlying proliferative process that results in enlargement of lymph nodes, as in lymphocytic leukemia and certain inflammations. [lymphadeno- + G. -osis, condition]
benign l. infectious mononucleosis
malignant l. obsolete term for malignant lymphoma.

lymphadenovarix lymphadenovarix (lim-fad´e-no-va´riks)

Varicose deformity of a lymph node associated with lymphangiectasis. [lymphadeno- + L. varix]

lymphagogue lymphagogue (limf´a-gog)

An agent that increases the formation and flow of lymph. [lymph + G. agogos, drawing forth]

lymphangeitis lymphangeitis (lim-fan´je-I´tis)

lymphangitis

lymphangi- lymphangi-

See lymphangio-.

lymphangial lymphangial (lim-fan´je-al)

Relating to a lymphatic vessel.

lymphangiectasis lymphangiectasis , lymphangiectasia (lim-fan´je-ek´ta-sis, -ek-ta´ze-a)

Dilation of the lymphatic vessels, the basic process that may result in the formation of a lymphangioma.lymphectasia, telangiectasia lymphatica; [lymphangio- + G. ektasis, a stretching]
cavernous l. lymphangioma cavernosum
cystic l. lymphangioma cysticum
intestinal l. [MIM*152800] familial l. with intestinal loss of lymph causing lymphocytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia.
simple l. lymphangioma simplex

lymphangiectatic lymphangiectatic (lim-fan´je-ek-tat´ik)

Relating to or characterized by lymphangiectasis.

lymphangiectodes lymphangiectodes (lim-fan´je-ek-to´dez)

lymphangioma circumscriptum [lymphangio- + G. ektasis, a stretching, + eidos, appearance]

lymphangiectomy lymphangiectomy (lim-fan´je-ek´to-me)

Excision of a lymph channel. [lymphangio- + G. ektome, excision]

lymphangiitis lymphangiitis (lim-fan´je-I´tis)

lymphangitis

lymphangio- lymphangio- , lymphangi-

The lymphatic vessels. [L. lympha, spring water, + G. angeion, vessel]

lymphangioendothelioma lymphangioendothelioma (lim-fan´je-o-en´do-the-le-o´ma)

A neoplasm consisting of irregular groups or small masses of endothelial cells, as well as congeries of tubate structures that are thought to be derived from lymphatic vessels. [lymphangio- + endothelium + -oma, tumor]

lymphangiography lymphangiography (lim-fan´je-og´ra-fe)

Radiographic demonstration of lymphatics and lymph nodes following the injection of a contrast medium; lymphography. [lymphangio- + G. grapho, to write]

lymphangiology lymphangiology (lim-fan-je-ol´o-je)

The branch of medical science concerned with the lymphatic vessels.lymphology; [lymphangio- + G. logos, study]

lymphangioma lymphangioma (lim-fan´je-o´ma)

A fairly well-circumscribed nodule or mass of lymphatic vessels or channels that vary in size, are usually greatly dilated, and are lined with normal endothelial cells; lymphoid tissue is usually present in the peripheral portions of the lesions, which are present at birth, or shortly thereafter, and probably represent anomalous development of lymphatic vessels (rather than true neoplasms); they occur most frequently in the neck and axilla, but may also develop in the arm, mesentery, retroperitoneum, and other sites.angioma lymphaticum; [lymphangio- + G. -oma, tumor]
l. capilla´re varico´sum l. circumscriptum
l. caverno´sum a condition of conspicuous dilation of lymphatic vessels in a fairly circumscribed region, frequently with the formation of cavities or "lakes" filled with lymph.cavernous lymphangiectasis;
l. circumscrip´tum a congenital nevoid lesion consisting of a circumscribed group of tense lymph vesicles.lupus lymphaticus, lymphangiectodes, l. capillare varicosum, l. superficium simplex;
l. cys´ticum a condition characterized by a fairly well circumscribed group of several or numerous, cystlike, dilated vessels or spaces lined with endothelium and filled with lymph.cystic lymphangiectasis;
l. sim´plex a circumscribed region or focus of several to numerous lymphatic vessels that are moderately dilated.simple lymphangiectasis;
l. superfic´ium sim´plex l. circumscriptum
l. tubero´sum mul´tiplex a cutaneous lesion characterized by multiple, slightly red, cystlike nodules (located chiefly on the trunk), resulting from fairly large lymphatic vessels and spaces, and groups of proliferating endothelial cells; the lesion has some gross resemblance to spiradenoma, except for the characteristic location.
l. xanthelasmoid´eum a capillary l. with colloid degeneration of the elastic tissues of the skin, characterized by yellow-brown or gray-brown plaques that may be only slightly raised above the surface of the skin.

lymphangiomatous lymphangiomatous (lim-fan´je-o´ma-tus)

Pertaining to, characterized by, or containing lymphangioma.

lymphangiomyomatosis lymphangiomyomatosis (lim-fan´ge-o-mI´o-ma-to´sis)

A proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells, usually occurring in the lung and mediastinum as multiple tumors; often associated with tuberous sclerosis. [lymphangio- + myoma + -osis, condition]

lymphangion lymphangion (lim-fan´je-on)

A lymphatic vessel. See lymph vessels, under vessel. [L. lympha, lymph, + G. angeion, vessel]

lymphangiophlebitis lymphangiophlebitis (lim-fan´je-o-fle-bI´tis)

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and veins.

lymphangioplasty lymphangioplasty (lim-fan´je-o-plas-te)

Surgical alteration of lymphatic vessels.lymphoplasty; [lymphangio- + G. plastos, formed]

lymphangiosarcoma lymphangiosarcoma (lim-fan´je-o-sar-ko´ma)

A malignant neoplasm derived from vascular tissue, i.e., an angiosarcoma, in which the neoplastic cells originate from the endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels, usually developing in the arm several years after radical mastectomy.

lymphangiotomy lymphangiotomy (lim-fan´je-ot´o-me)

Incision of lymphatic vessels. [lymphangio- + G. tome, incision]

lymphangitis lymphangitis (lim-fan-jI´tis)

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.lymphangeitis, lymphangiitis; [lymphangio- + G. -itis, inflammation]
l. carcinomato´sa extensive lymphatic permeation by tumor cells, with surrounding fibrosis, producing visible or palpable cords, especially in pleura or skin overlying a carcinoma.
epizootic l. l. primarily involving the lymph channels of the skin of the legs and chest of horses and mules in Europe, Asia, and Africa; the causative agent is Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum.l. epizootica;
l. epizoot´ica epizootic l

lymphapheresis lymphapheresis (lim´fa-fe-re´sis)

lymphocytapheresis

lymphatic lymphatic (lim-fat´ik)

1. Pertaining to lymph. 2. A vascular channel that transports lymph. 3. Sometimes used to pertain to a sluggish or phlegmatic characteristic.vas lymphaticum; [L. lymphaticus, frenzied; Mod. L. use, of or for lymph]
afferent l. a l. vessel entering, or bringing lymph to, a node.vas lymphaticum afferens [NA], afferent vessel (3);
efferent l. vas efferens (1) vas lymphaticum efferens [NA];

lymphaticostomy lymphaticostomy (lim-fat-i-kos´to-me)

Making an opening into a lymphatic duct. [lymphatic + G. stoma, mouth]

lymphatics lymphatics (lim-fat´iks)

lymph vessels, under vessel

lymphatitis lymphatitis (lim-fa-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes. [lymphatic + G. -itis, inflammation]

lymphatology lymphatology (lim-fa-tol´o-je)

The study of the lymphatic system. [lymphatic + G. logos, study]

lymphatolysis lymphatolysis (lim´fa-tol´i-sis)

Destruction of the lymphatic vessels or lymphoid tissue, or both. [lymphatic + G. lysis, dissolution]

lymphatolytic lymphatolytic (lim´fa-to-lit´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by lymphatolysis.

lymphectasia lymphectasia (lim-fek-ta´ze-a)

lymphangiectasis [lymph + G. ektasis, a stretching]

lymphedema lymphedema (limf´e-de´ma)

Swelling (especially in subcutaneous tissues) as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes and the accumulation of large amounts of lymph in the affected region. [lymph + G. oidema, a swelling]
congenital l. See hereditary l.
hereditary l. permanent pitting edema usually confined to the legs; two types, congenital (Milroy's disease [MIM*153100]), or with onset at about the age of puberty (Meige's disease [MIM*153200]); autosomal dominant inheritance.
l. prae´cox primary l
primary l. a form of l. observed chiefly in young women and girls, characterized by diffuse swelling of the lower extremities.l. praecox;

lymphemia lymphemia (lim-fe´me-a)

The presence of unusually large numbers of lymphocytes or their precursors, or both, in the circulating blood. [lymph(ocyte) + G. haima, blood]

lymphization lymphization (lim-fi-za´shun)

The formation of lymph.

lymph node lymph node

One of numerous round, oval, or bean-shaped bodies located along the course of lymphatic vessels, varying greatly in size (1 to 25 mm in diameter) and usually presenting a depressed area, the hilum, on one side through which blood vessels enter and efferent lymphatic vessels emerge. The structure consists of a fibrous capsule and internal trabeculae supporting lymphoid tissue and lymph sinuses; lymphoid tissue is arranged in nodules in the cortex and cords in the medulla of a node, with afferent vessels entering at many points of the periphery.nodus lymphaticus [NA], lymph gland, lymphaden, lymphoglandula;
l.n.'s of abdominal organs the numerous l.n.'s receiving lymph from abdominal organs located in association with the visceral branches of the aorta.nodi lymphatici abdominis viscerales [NA];
accessory nerve l.n.'s the nodes of the lateral deep cervical group that are located along the accessory nerve; their efferent vessels pass to the supraclavicular l.n.'s.companion l.n.'s of accessory nerve, nodi lymphatici comitantes nervi accessorii;
anorectal l.n.'s pararectal l.n.'s
anterior cervical l.n.'s the group of l.n.'s located in the anterior region of the neck, divided into superficial and deep groups.nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores [NA];
anterior deep cervical l.n.'s the l.n.'s near the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland.nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi;
anterior group of axillary l.n.'s pectoral group of axillary l.n.'s
anterior jugular l.n.'s nodes of the lateral deep cervical group located anterior to the internal jugular vein; two nodes are specifically named: the jugulodigastric l.n. and the jugulo-omohyoid l.n.nodi lymphatici jugulares anteriores [NA];
anterior mediastinal l.n.'s located in the superior mediastinum in relation to the great vessels, these nodes receive lymph from the thymus, pericardium and right side of the heart; their efferent vessels join those of the tracheal nodes to form the bronchomediastinal trunks.nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores [NA];
anterior superficial cervical l.n.'s the l.n.'s in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior region of the neck.nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores superficiales;
anterior tibial l.n. a small inconstant l.n. in front of the interosseous membrane along the upper part of the anterior tibial vessels.nodus tibialis anterior [NA], anterior tibial node;
apical group of axillary l.n.'s the group of l.n.'s located at the apex of the axillary fossa that receive lymphatic drainage from other groups of axillary l.n.'s and then drain in turn into the subclavian lymphatic trunk.nodi lymphatici axillares apicales [NA];
appendicular l.n.'s nodes along the appendicular vessels in the mesoappendix; they receive afferent vessels from the vermiform appendix and send efferent vessels to the ileocolic l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici appendiculares [NA];
axillary l.n.'s numerous nodes around the axillary veins which receive the lymphatic drainage from the upper limb, scapular region and pectoral region (including mammary gland); they drain into the subclavian trunk.nodi lymphatici axillares [NA], axillary glands;
l.n. of azygos arch a l.n. of the posterior mediastinal group located adjacent to the arch of the azygos vein.nodus lymphaticus arcus venae azygos [NA];
bifurcation l.n.'s inferior tracheobronchial l.n.'s
brachial l.n.'s lateral group of axillary l.n.'s
bronchopulmonary l.n.'s l.n.'s in the hilum of the lung that receive lymph from the pulmonary l.n.'s, and drain to the tracheobronchial nodes.glandulae bronchiales [NA], bronchial glands (1), hilar l.n.'s, nodi lymphatici bronchopulmonales;
buccal l.n. one of the chain of facial l.n.'s located superficial to the buccinator muscle.nodus buccinatorius [NA], buccinator node, buccal node;
carinal l.n.'s inferior tracheobronchial l.n.'s
celiac l.n.'s nodes located along the celiac trunk which drain lymph from the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, spleen, and biliary tract and drain to the cisterna chyli via the right and left intestinal lymphatic trunks.nodi lymphatici coeliaci [NA], celiac glands;
central group of axillary l.n.'s nodes located around the midportion of the axillary vein; they receive afferent vessels from the lateral (brachial), pectoral, and subscapular groups of axillary nodes and send efferent vessels to the apical group of axillary l.n.'s;
central mesenteric l.n.'s middle group of mesenteric l.n.'s See also mesenteric l.n.'s.
colic l.n.'s nodi lymphatici colici; See left colic l.n.'s, middle colic l.n.'s, right colic l.n.'s.
common iliac l.n.'s nodes located in association with the common iliac vein; they are subdivided into five groups: intermediate (anterior) common iliac l.n.'s, between the common iliac artery and vein; lateral common iliac l.n.'s lateral to the vein; medial common iliac l.n.'s, medial to the vein; promontory common iliac l.n.'s at the sacral promontory; and subaortic common iliac l.n.'s, at the bifurcation of the aorta; they all receive afferent vessels from the external and internal iliac nodes and send efferent vessels to the lumbar nodes.nodi lymphatici iliaci communes [NA];
companion l.n.'s of accessory nerve accessory nerve l.n.'s
cubital l.n.'s two groups of nodes, superficial and deep, lying along the basilic vein above the medial epicondyle; they receive afferents from the ulnar side of the forearm and hand, and send efferents to the brachial nodes.nodi lymphatici cubitales [NA], epitrochlear nodes, l.n.'s of elbow;
cystic l.n. a l.n. at the neck of the gallbladder draining lymph into the hepatic nodes.nodus cysticus [NA], cystic node;
deep inguinal l.n.'s several small nodes deep to the fascia lata and medial to the femoral vein; they receive lymph from the deep structures of the lower limb, from the glans penis and from superficial inguinal nodes; efferents pass to the external iliac nodes.nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi [NA];
deep parotid l.n.'s the group of l.n.'s associated with the parotid gland lying deep to the parotid masseteric fascia.nodi lymphatici parotidei profundi [NA];
l.n.'s of elbow cubital l.n.'s
external iliac l.n.'s nodes located in association with the external iliac vein; they are subdivided into three groups: intermediate external iliac l.n.'s, between the vein and the external iliac artery; lateral external iliac l.n.'s, and medial external iliac l.n.'s, medial to the vein; they all receive afferent vessels from the inguinal nodes, lower abdominal wall, and pelvic viscera, and send efferent vessels to the common iliac nodes.nodi lymphatici iliaci externi [NA];
facial l.n.'s a chain of l.n.'s lying along the facial vein that receive afferent vessels from the eyelids, nose, cheek, lip, and gums, and send efferent vessels to the submandibular nodes.nodi lymphatici faciales [NA];
fibular l.n. a small inconstant l.n. located along the course of the peroneal vein.nodus fibularis [NA], fibular node, peroneal node;
foraminal l.n. one of the hepatic nodes located adjacent to the epiploic foramen.nodus foraminalis [NA], foraminal node;
gastroduodenal l.n.'s pyloric l.n.'s
gluteal l.n.'s nodes of the internal iliac group; they are subdivided into two groups: interior gluteal l.n.'s, located along the inferior gluteal vein; superior gluteal l.n.'s located along the superior gluteal vein.nodi lymphatici gluteales [NA];
hepatic l.n.'s nodes located along the hepatic artery as far as the porta hepatis; they drain the liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, and pancreas, and send efferents to the celiac nodes.nodi lymphatici hepatici [NA];
hilar l.n.'s bronchopulmonary l.n.'s
ileocolic l.n.'s nodes located along the ileocolic artery that drain lymph from the ascending colon to the superior mesenteric nodes.nodi lymphatici ileocolici [NA];
inferior epigastric l.n.'s three or four nodes placed along the inferior epigastric vessels; they receive afferents from the lower abdominal wall and empty into the external iliac nodes.nodi lymphatici epigastrici inferiores [NA];
inferior mesenteric l.n.'s > nodes located along the inferior mesenteric artery and its branches that drain the upper part of the rectum, the sigmoid colon, and descending colon.nodi lymphatici mesenterici inferiores [NA];
inferior phrenic l.n.'s small l.n.'s associated with the inferior phrenic vessels.nodi lymphatici phrenici inferiores [NA];
inferior tracheobronchial l.n.'s several large l.n.'s inferior to the tracheal bifurcation; they receive afferents from the bronchopulmonary nodes and the heart, and send efferents to the superior tracheobronchial and tracheal nodes.nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales inferiores [NA], bifurcation l.n.'s, carinal l.n.'s;
infra-auricular deep parotid l.n.'s small l.n.'s located deep to the parotid fascia and below the ear.nodi lymphatici parotidei profundi infra-auriculares [NA], infra-auricular subfascial parotid l.n.'s;
infra-auricular subfascial parotid l.n.'s infra-auricular deep parotid l.n.'s
intercostal l.n.'s one or two small nodes located posteriorly in each intercostal space; they receive lymph from the parietal pleura, intercostal space, and posterior body wall; the nodes in the upper spaces empty into the thoracic duct; the nodes in the lower spaces form a descending intercostal trunk that opens into the cisterna chyli.nodi lymphatici intercostales [NA];
interiliac l.n.'s several l.n.'s located between the external and internal iliac arteries and the obturator artery; these nodes are considered by some to be part of the medial external iliac nodes.nodi lymphatici interiliaci [NA];
intermediate lacunar l.n. a l.n. of the external iliac group located between the external iliac artery and vein at the vascular lacuna.nodus lacunaris intermedius [NA], intermediate lacunar node;
intermediate lumbar l.n.'s the chain of lymph nodes located between the aorta and the inferior vena cava.nodi lymphatici lumbales intermedii [NA], lumbar l.n.'s;
internal iliac l.n.'s nodes that lie along the internal iliac artery and its branches; they receive lymph from the pelvic viscera, the gluteal region, and the deep parts of the perineum, and send efferent vessels to the common iliac nodes.nodi lymphatici iliaci interni [NA];
interpectoral l.n.'s small l.n.'s located between the pectoralis major and minor muscles; they receive lymph from the muscles and the mammary gland, and deliver lymph to the axillary lymphatic plexus.nodi lymphatici interpectorales [NA];
intraglandular deep parotid l.n.'s small l.n.'s of the deep parotid group lying within the parotid gland.nodi lymphatici parotidei intraglandulares [NA], intraglandular parotid l.n.'s;
intraglandular parotid l.n.'s intraglandular deep parotid l.n.'s
jugulo-digastric l.n. a prominent l.n. in the deep lateral cervical group lying below the digastric muscle and anterior to the internal jugular vein; it receives lymphatic drainage from the pharynx, palatine tonsil, and tongue.nodus jugulodigastricus [NA], jugulodigastric node, subdigastric node;
jugulo-omohyoid l.n. a l.n. of the lateral deep cervical group that lies above the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle and anterior to the internal jugular vein; it receives lymphatic drainage from the submental, submandibular, and deep anterior cervical nodes; its efferent vessels go to other deep lateral cervical nodes.nodus jugulo-omohyoideus [NA], jugulo-omohyoid node;
juxta-esophageal pulmonary l.n.'s , juxta-esophageal l.n.'s several nodes of the posterior mediastinal group located along either side of the esophagus; they receive lymph from both the esophagus and the lungs.nodi lymphatici juxta-esophageales pulmonales [NA];
juxta-intestinal l.n.'s the mesenteric l.n.'s located in immediate proximity to the jejunum or ileum.nodi lymphatici juxta-intestinales [NA];
lateral deep cervical l.n.'s the l.n.'s located in the posterior triangle of the neck beneath the deep cervical fascia; they empty into the jugular trunk on the right or left side; the group is subdivided into four smaller chains: anterior jugular l.n.'s, lateral jugular l.n.'s, accessory nerve l.n.'s, and supraclavicular l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi [NA];
lateral group of axillary l.n.'s l.n.'s along the brachial vein that receive lymph drainage from most of the free superior limb and send efferent vessels to the central group of axillary l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici brachiales [NA], brachial l.n.'s;
lateral jugular l.n.'s nodes of the lateral deep cervical group lying lateral to the internal jugular vein; they usually empty into the jugular trunk.nodi lymphatici jugulares laterales [NA];
lateral lacunar l.n. a l.n. of the external iliac group located lateral to the external iliac artery at the vascular lacuna.nodus lacunaris lateralis [NA], lateral lacunar node;
lateral pericardiac l.n.'s small l.n.'s located along the pericardiacophrenic vessels, they drain the pericardium.nodi lymphatici pericardiales laterales [NA];
lateral superficial cervical l.n.'s one to four nodes lying along the external jugular vein; they drain the skin and superficial structures over the region of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and send efferent vessels to the deep lateral cervical l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales superficiales [NA];
left colic l.n.'s small nodes along the left colic artery and its branches that drain the left flexure and upper part of the descending colon; efferent vessels pass to the inferior mesenteric nodes.nodi lymphatici colici sinistri [NA];
left gastric l.n.'s nodes located along the left gastric artery and its branches; they are divided into paracardial, upper and lower groups.nodi lymphatici gastrici sinistri [NA], superior gastric l.n.'s;
left gastroepiploic l.n.'s nodes located in the greater omentum along the left gastroepiploic artery that drain part of the greater curvature of the stomach and greater omentum.nodi lymphatici gastro-omentales sinistri [NA], left gastro-omental nodes;
left lumbar l.n.'s the chain of l.n.'s associated with the aorta in the abdomen; it is divided into three groups: lateral aortic l.n.'s on the left of the aorta; pre-aortic l.n.'s in front of the aorta; post-aortic l.n.'s, behind the aorta.nodi lymphatici lumbales sinistri [NA], lumbar l.n.'s;
l.n. of ligamentum arteriosum node of ligamentum arteriosum
lingual l.n.'s l.n. along the lingual vein receiving drainage from the tongue (except tip); drain to submandibular l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici linguales [NA];
lumbar l.n.'s right lumbar l.n.'s, intermediate lumbar l.n.'s, left lumbar l.n.'s
malar l.n. one of the facial l.n.'s located near the zygomatic minor muscle.nodus malaris [NA], malar node;
mandibular l.n. one of the facial l.n.'s located by the facial artery near the point it crosses the mandible.nodus mandibularis [NA], mandibular nodes;
mastoid l.n.'s retroauricular l.n.'s
medial lacunar l.n. a l.n. of the external iliac group located medial to the external iliac vein at the vascular lacuna.nodus lacunaris medialis [NA], medial lacunar node;
mesenteric l.n.'s nodes located in the mesentery; they are of three classes: mesenteric l.n.'s, juxta-intestinal l.n.'s, and the superior middle group of mesenteric l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici mesenterici [NA];
mesocolic l.n.'s nodes located in the mesocolon; they are of two classes: para-colic l.n.'s, located in immediate proximity to the colon; colic l.n.'s located along the arteries supplying the colon.nodi lymphatici mesocolici [NA], nodi lymphatici paracolici;
middle colic l.n.'s nodes along the middle colic artery and its branches that drain the right colic flexure and most of the transverse colon.nodi lymphatici colici medii [NA];
middle group of mesenteric l.n.'s the mesenteric l.n.'s located along the intestinal (jejunal and ileal) branches of the superior mesenteric artery.nodi lymphatici superiores centrales [NA], central mesenteric l.n.'s;
middle rectal l.n. a l.n. along the middle rectal artery that receives afferents from the pararectal nodes and sends efferents to the internal iliac nodes.middle rectal node, nodus rectalis medius;
nasolabial l.n. one of the facial l.n.'s located near the junction of the superior labial and facial arteries.nodus nasolabialis [NA], nasolabial node;
obturator l.n.'s nodes of the internal iliac group located along the obturator artery.nodi lymphatici obturatorii [NA];
occipital l.n.'s one or two small nodes along the occipital vessels close to the trapezius muscle that receive afferents from the posterior scalp and drain into the superior deep cervical nodes.nodi lymphatici occipitales [NA];
pancreatic l.n.'s nodes draining the body and tail of the pancreas; they are subdivided into two groups: inferior pancreatic l.n.'s (nodi lymphatici pancreatici inferiores [NA]), located along the inferior pancreatic artery; superior pancreatic l.n.'s (nodi lymphatici pancreatici superiores [NA]), located along the splenic artery near the origin of its pancreatic branches.nodi lymphatici pancreatici [NA];
pancreaticoduodenal l.n.'s nodes along the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.nodi lymphatici pancreaticoduodenales [NA];
pancreaticosplenic l.n.'s l.n.'s of the pancreatic tail and spleen, receiving afferents from both organs plus the greater curvature of the stomach; they drain to the celiac l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici pancreticolienales;
paramammary l.n.'s several l.n.'s on the lateral side of the mammary gland that receive afferents from the mammary gland and send efferents to the axillary pectoral group of l.n.'s. The paramammary l.n.'s are commonly considered as part of the pectoral group of axillary nodes.nodi lymphatici paramammarii [NA];
pararectal l.n.'s nodes located on either side of the rectum; they send efferents to the middle rectal and superior rectal nodes.nodi lymphatici pararectales [NA], nodi lymphatici anorectales [NA], anorectal l.n.'s;
parasternal l.n.'s a number of small nodes that lie along the course of the internal thoracic vessels; lymph enters these nodes from the anterior intercostal spaces, pericardium, diaphragm, liver and medial mammary gland; the efferent vessels pass upward to join the bronchomediastinal trunk of the same side.nodi lymphatici parasternales [NA];
paratracheal l.n. nodes along the sides of the trachea in the neck and in the posterior mediastinum; receive drainage of superior (and inferior) tracheobranchial (nodes, trachea and esophagus); drain to bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk(s), thoracic duct.nodi lymphatici paratracheales [NA], tracheal l.n.'s;
parauterine l.n.'s nodes on either side of the uterus draining lymph to the internal iliac nodes and to the lumbar nodes via lymphatic vessels following the ovarian arteries.nodi lymphatici parauterini [NA];
paravaginal l.n.'s l.n.'s in association with the vagina; they drain to the internal iliac nodes.nodi lymphatici paravaginales [NA];
paravesical l.n.'s the l.n.'s located around the urinary bladder and, in the male, the prostate; there are three groups: prevesicular l.n.'s, in front of the bladder; lateral vesical l.n.'s, on the right and left sides; postvesicular l.n.'s behind the bladder.
parietal l.n.'s the l.n.'s draining the walls of the abdomen or of the pelvis.nodi lymphatici parietales [NA], parietal nodes;
pectoral group of axillary l.n.'s l.n.'s located along the lateral thoracic vein; they receive the drainage of the pectoral region, including most of the drainage of the breast.nodi lymphatici axillaris pectorales [NA], anterior group of axillary l.n.'s;
popliteal l.n.'s two groups of nodes located in the popliteal fossa: the superficial popliteal l.n.'s, located around the termination of the small saphenous vein, that drain the skin of the back of the leg and lateral side of the foot; and the deep popliteal l.n.'s, located around the popliteal vessels, that drain the superficial group, the deep structures of the leg, and the knee joint.nodi lymphatici popliteales [NA];
posterior group of axillary l.n.'s subscapular group of axillary l.n.'s
posterior mediastinal l.n.'s nodes located along the thoracic aorta; they receive vessels from the esophagus, diaphragm, liver and pericardium and send efferents to the thoracic duct and bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk(s).nodi lymphatici mediastinales posteriores [NA];
posterior tibial l.n. a small inconstant l.n. located along the course of the posterior tibial artery.nodus tibialis posterior [NA], posterior tibial node;
preauricular deep parotid l.n.'s nodi lymphatici parotidei profundi preauriculares, under nodus lymphaticus
prececal l.n.'s nodes located in front of the cecum draining lymph to the ileocolic nodes.nodi lymphatici prececales [NA];
prelaryngeal l.n.'s l.n.'s of the anterior deep cervical group that lie in front of the larynx; they drain into the lateral deep lateral cervical nodes.nodi lymphatici prelaryngeales [NA];
prepericardiac l.n.'s several small l.n.'s located between the pericardium and the sternum, in the anterior mediastinum.nodi lymphatici prepericardiales [NA];
pretracheal l.n.'s l.n.'s of the anterior deep cervical group that lie in front of the trachea; they drain into the lateral deep cervical group or into the anterior mediastinal group.nodi lymphatici pretracheales [NA];
prevertebral l.n.'s l.n.'s posterior to the thoracic aorta.nodi lymphatici prevertebrales [NA];
promontory common iliac l.n.'s nodes of the common iliac group located at the promontory of the sacrum.nodi lymphatici promontorii [NA], nodi lymphatici iliaci communes promontorii;
pulmonary l.n.'s small nodes that occur along the bronchi within the lung; they receive the drainage from localized areas of the lung and send efferents to bronchopulmonary nodes.nodi lymphatici pulmonales;
pyloric l.n.'s group of nodes surrounding the pylorus, draining lymph into the right gastric or the right gastro-omental l.n.'s; it is divided into three smaller groups: suprapyloric l.n.'s, above the pylorus; subpyloric l.n.'s, below the pylorus; and retropyloric l.n.'s, behind the pylorus.nodi lymphatici pylorici [NA], gastroduodenal l.n.'s;
retroauricular l.n.'s two or three nodes in the region of the mastoid process; they receive afferent lymphatic vessels from the scalp and auricle and send efferent vessels to the superior deep cervical nodes.nodi lymphatici mastoidei [NA], mastoid l.n.'s;
retrocecal l.n.'s nodes located behind the cecum draining lymph into the ileocolic nodes.nodi lymphatici retrocecales [NA];
retropharyngeal l.n.'s the three groups of l.n.'s, one median and two lateral, located between the pharynx and the prevertebral fascia; they receive lymph from the nasopharynx, the auditory tube, and the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints.nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales [NA];
retropyloric l.n.'s a group of l.n.'s located behind the pylorus.nodi retropylorici [NA], retropyloric nodes;
right colic l.n.'s nodes located along the right colic artery that drain the upper part of the ascending colon.nodi lymphatici colici dextri [NA];
right gastric l.n.'s small nodes along the course of the right gastric artery that drain part of the lesser curvature of the stomach.nodi lymphatici gastrici dextri [NA];
right gastroepiploic l.n.'s nodes located in the greater omentum along the right gastroepiploic artery that drain part of the greater curvature of the stomach and the greater omentum.nodi lymphatici gastro-omentales dextri [NA], right gastro-omental l.n.'s;
right gastro-omental l.n.'s right gastroepiploic l.n.'s
right lumbar l.n.'s the chain of l.n.'s associated with the inferior vena cava; it is divided into three groups: nodi lymphatici cavales laterales on the right of the inferior vena cava; nodi lymphatici precavales, in front of the inferior vena cava; nodi lymphatici postcavales, under nodus lymphaticus, behind the inferior vena cava.nodi lymphatici lumbales dextri [NA], lumbar l.n.'s;
sacral l.n.'s nodes in the concavity of the sacrum that drain the rectum and posterior pelvic wall.nodi lymphatici sacrales [NA];
sigmoid l.n.'s nodes of the inferior mesenteric group, located along the sigmoid arteries.nodi lymphatici sigmoidei [NA];
splenic l.n.'s nodes near the hilum of the spleen; they receive afferents from the spleen and stomach, and send efferents to the pancreatic-postsplenic and celiac nodes.nodi lymphatici splenici [NA], nodi lymphatici lienales [NA];
subaortic l.n.'s nodes of the common iliac group located at the bifurcation of the aorta.nodi lymphatici subaortici [NA];
submandibular l.n.'s four or five nodes that lie between the mandible and the submandibular gland; they receive vessels from the face below the eye and from the tongue and drain into the superior deep cervical nodes, particularly the jugulodigastric node.nodi lymphatici submandibulares [NA];
submental l.n.'s small nodes that lie superficial to the mylohyoid muscle; they receive afferents from the lower lip, chin, and the tip of the tongue, and send efferents to the superior deep cervical nodes.nodi lymphatici submentales [NA];
subpyloric l.n.'s a group of l.n.'s located below the pylorus.nodi subpylorici [NA], subpyloric node;
subscapular group of axillary l.n.'s l.n.'s of the axillary region located along the subscapular vein and its tributaries; they receive afferent vessels from the dorsal surface of the thorax and scapular region, and send efferent vessels to the central group of l.n.'s.nodi lymphatici axillares subscapulares [NA], posterior group of axillary l.n.'s;
superficial inguinal l.n.'s a group of 12 to 20 nodes that lie in the subcutaneous tissue below the inguinal ligament and along the terminal part of the great saphenous vein; they drain the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower abdominal wall, perineum, buttock, external genitalia, and lower limb; they are subdivided into three groups: inferior (vertical) group of superficial inguinal l.n.'s, located inferior to the saphenous opening receiving drainage of the lower limb; superolateral (lateral horizontal) superfical inguinal l.n.'s located lateral to the saphenous opening receiving drainage of lateral buttock and lower anterior abdominal wall; and superomedial (medial horizontal) superficial inguinal l.n.'s, located medial to the saphenous opening, receiving drainage of the perineum and external genitalia.nodi lymphatici inguinales superficiales [NA];
superficial parotid l.n.'s several small l.n.'s located in the subcutaneous tissue in the parotid region.nodi lymphatici parotidei superficiales [NA];
superior gastric l.n.'s left gastric l.n.'s
superior mesenteric l.n.'s the numerous nodes located in the mesentery along the superior mesenteric artery; they receive lymph from the central mesenteric l.n.'s and drain into the intestinal lymph trunk.nodi lymphatici mesenterici superiores [NA], nodi lymphatici centrales;
superior phrenic l.n.'s three groups of small nodes, anterior, middle, and posterior, on the upper surface of the diaphragm; they receive afferents from the liver, diaphragm, and intercostal spaces and send efferents to parasternal and posterior mediastinal nodes.nodi lymphatici phrenici superiores [NA], diaphragmatic nodes;
superior rectal l.n.'s nodes of the inferior mesenteric group, located along the superior rectal artery.nodi lymphatici rectales superiores [NA];
superior tracheobronchial l.n.'s several large lymph nodes of the posterior mediastinal group located superior to the bronchi at their union with the trachea; receives lymph from inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes and bronchopulmonary nodes; drain to paratracheal nodes.nodi lymphatici tracheobronchiales superiores [NA];
supraclavicular l.n.'s the portion of the inferior deep cervical group located between the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle and the clavicle; afferent vessels come from adjacent regions including the mediastinum; efferent vessels terminate in the subclavian trunk.nodi lymphatici supraclaviculares [NA];
suprapyloric l.n. a l.n. located above the pylorus.nodus suprapyloricus [NA], suprapyloric node;
thyroid l.n.'s nodes of the anterior deep cervical group located around the thyroid gland; they drain into the lateral deep cervical group.nodi lymphatici thyroidei [NA];
tracheal l.n.'s paratracheal l.n
visceral l.n.'s the l.n.'s draining the viscera of the abdomen or of the pelvis.nodi viscerales [NA], visceral nodes;

lympho- lympho- , lymph-

Lymph. [L. lympha, spring water]

lymphoadenoma lymphoadenoma (lim´fo-ade-no´ma)

1. Obsolete term for an enlarged lymph node. 2. Obsolete term for Hodgkin's disease.

lymphoblast lymphoblast (lim´fo-blast)

A young immature cell that matures into a lymphocyte and is characterized by more abundant cytoplasm than in a lymphocyte, a nucleus in which the chromatin is finer than in a lymphocyte (but coarser than in a myeloblast), and one or two rather prominent nucleoli.lymphocytoblast; [lympho- + G. blastos, germ]

lymphoblastic lymphoblastic (lim-fo-blas´tik)

Pertaining to the production of lymphocytes.

lymphoblastoma lymphoblastoma (lim-fo-blas-to´ma)

A form of malignant lymphoma in which the chief cells are lymphoblasts. [lymphoblast + G. -oma, tumor]
giant follicular l. nodular lymphoma

lymphoblastosis lymphoblastosis (lim´fo-blas-to´sis)

The presence of lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood; sometimes used as a synonym for acute lymphocytic leukemia. [lymphoblast + G. -osis, condition]

lymphocele lymphocele (lim´fo-sel)

A cystic mass that contains lymph, usually from diseased or injured lymphatic channels.lymphocyst; [lympho- + G. kele, tumor]

lymphocerastism lymphocerastism (lim-fo-ser´as-tizm)

The process of formation of cells in the lymphocytic series. [lympho- + G. kerastos, mixed, mingled]

lymphocinesis lymphocinesis , lymphocinesia (lim´fo-si-ne´sis, ne-ze-a)

lymphokinesis

lymphocyst lymphocyst (lim´fo-sist)

lymphocele [lympho- + G. kystis, bladder]

lymphocytapheresis lymphocytapheresis (lim´fo-sI-ta-fe-re´sis)

Separation and removal of lymphocytes from the withdrawn blood, with the remainder of the blood retransfused into the donor.lymphapheresis; [lymphocyte + G. aphairesis, a withdrawal]

lymphocyte lymphocyte (lim´fo-sIt)

A white blood cell formed in lymphatic tissue throughout the body (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and sometimes in bone marrow) and in normal adults comprising approximately 22 to 28% of the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood. L.'s are generally small (7 to 8 mum), but larger forms are frequent (10 to 20 mum); with Wright's (or a similar) stain, the nucleus is deeply colored (purple-blue), and is composed of dense aggregates of chromatin within a sharply defined nuclear membrane; the nucleus is usually round, but may be slightly indented, and is eccentrically situated within a relatively small amount of light blue cytoplasm that ordinarily contains no granules; especially in larger forms, the cytoplasm may be fairly abundant and include several bright red-violet fine granules; in contrast to granules of the myeloid series of cells, those in l.'s do not yield a positive oxidase or peroxidase reaction.lymph cell, lympholeukocyte; [lympho- + G. kytos, call]
B l. an immunologically important l. that is not thymus-dependent, is of short life, and resembles the bursa-derived l. of birds in that it is responsible for the production of immunoglobulins, i.e., it is the precursor of the plasma cell and expresses immunoglobulins on its surface but does not release them. It does not play a direct role in cell-mediated immunity. See also T l.B cell (2);
pre-B l. an early B-lymphoid type cell that is recognized by immunofluorescence as a mu-positive, L-chain-negative bone marrow cell.
Rieder's l. an abnormal form of l. that has a greatly indented (or lobed), slightly twisted nucleus; such cells are usually observed in certain examples of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
T l. a thymocyte-derived l. of immunological importance that is long-lived (months to years) and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity. T l.'s form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and, in the presence of transforming agents (mitogens), differentiate and divide. These cells have the characteristic T3 surface marker and may be further divided into subsets according to function, such as helper, cytotoxic, etc. See also B l.T cell;
transformed l. See lymphocyte transformation.
tumor-infiltrating l.'s (lim´fo-sItz) l.'s collected from the site of a tumor and exposed to IL-2 in vitro. When these cells are injected back into the tumor bearing host, they will specifically kill the tumor from which they originated.

lymphocythemia lymphocythemia (lim´fo-sI-the´me-a)

lymphocytosis

lymphocytic lymphocytic (lim-fo-sit´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by lymphocytes.

lymphocytoblast lymphocytoblast (lim-fo-sI´to-blast)

lymphoblast [lymphocyte + G. blastos, germ]

lymphocytoma lymphocytoma (lim´fo-sI-to´ma)

A circumscribed nodule or mass of mature lymphocytes, grossly resembling a neoplasm. [lymphocyte + G. -oma, tumor]
benign l. cutis a soft red to violaceous skin nodule often involving the head, caused by dense infiltration of the dermis by lymphocytes and histiocytes, often forming lymphoid follicles, separated from the epidermis by a narrow noninfiltrating layer.Spiegler-Fendt pseudolymphoma, Spiegler-Fendt sarcoid;

lymphocytopenia lymphocytopenia (lim´fo-sI-to-pe´ne-a)

lymphopenia

lymphocytopoiesis lymphocytopoiesis (lim´fo-sI-to-poy-e´sis)

The formation of lymphocytes. [lymphocyte + G. poiesis, a making]

lymphocytosis lymphocytosis (lim´fo-sI-to´sis)

A form of actual or relative leukocytosis in which there is an increase in the number of lymphocytes.lymphocythemia, lymphocytic leukocytosis;

lymphoderma lymphoderma (lim´fo-der´ma)

A condition resulting from any disease of the cutaneous lymphatic vessels. [lympho- + G. derma, skin]

lymphoduct lymphoduct (lim´fo-dukt)

A lymphatic vessel. See lymph vessels, under vessel. [lympho- + L. ductus, a leading]

lymphoepithelioma lymphoepithelioma (lim´fo-ep-i-the-le-o´ma)

A poorly differentiated radiosensitive squamous cell carcinoma involving lymphoid tissue in the region of the tonsils and nasopharynx; composed of irregular sheets, or small groups, of neoplastic epithelial cells (squamous or undifferentiated), with a slight to moderate amount of fibrous stroma that contains numerous lymphocytes; metastasizes at an early stage to cervical lymph nodes. [lympho- + epithelium + -oma, tumor]

lymphogenesis lymphogenesis (lim-fo-gen´e-sis)

Lymph production. [lympho- + G. genesis, production]

lymphogenic lymphogenic (lim-fo-jen´ik)

lymphogenous (1)

lymphogenous lymphogenous (lim-foj´e-nus)

1. Originating from lymph or the lymphatic system.lymphogenic; 2. Producing lymph.

lymphoglandula lymphoglandula (lim-fo-glan´du-la)

lymph node

lymphogranuloma lymphogranuloma (lim´fo-gran-yu-lo´ma)

1. Old nonspecific term used with reference to a few basically dissimilar diseases in which the pathologic processes result in granulomas or granuloma-like lesions, especially in various groups of lymph nodes (which then become conspicuously enlarged). 2. Old term for Hodgkin's disease.
l. benig´num old term for sarcoidosis.
l. inguina´le venereal l
l. malig´num old term for Hodgkin's disease.
Schaumann's l. old eponym for sarcoidosis.
venereal l. , l. vene´reum a venereal infection usually caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and characterized by a transient genital ulcer and inguinal adenopathy in the male; in the female, perirectal lymph nodes are involved and rectal stricture is a common occurrence.climatic bubo, Favre-Durand-Nicholas disease, l. inguinale, Nicolas-Favre disease, sixth venereal disease, tropical bubo;

lymphogranulomatosis lymphogranulomatosis (lim-fo-gran´yu-lo-ma-to´sis)

Any condition characterized by the occurrence of multiple and widely distributed lymphogranulomas.

lymphography lymphography (lim-fog´ra-fe)

Visualization of lymphatics (lymphangiography), lymph nodes (lymphadenography), or both by radiography following the intra-lymphatic injection of a contrast medium, usually an iodized oil. [lympho- + grapho, to write]

lymphohistiocytosis lymphohistiocytosis (lim´fo-his´te-o-sI-to´sis)

Proliferation or infiltration of lymphocytes and histiocytes.

lymphoid lymphoid (lim´foyd)

1. Resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue, or pertaining to the lymphatic system. 2. adenoid (1) [lympho- + G. eidos, appearance]

lymphoidectomy lymphoidectomy (lim-foy-dek´to-me)

Excision of lymphoid tissue. [lymphoid + G. ektome, excision]

lymphoidocyte lymphoidocyte (lim-foy´do-sIt)

A primitive mesenchymal cell believed to be capable of differentiating into all types of lymphoid cells, including lymphocytes, littoral cells, and reticular cells of lymph nodes.

lymphokines lymphokines (lim´fo-kInz)

Hormone-like peptides, released by activated lymphocytes that mediate immune responses. [lymphocyte + G. kineo, to set in motion]

lymphokinesis lymphokinesis (lim´fo-ki-ne´sis)

1. Circulation of lymph in the lymphatic vessels and through the lymph nodes. 2. Movement of endolymph in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.lymphocinesis, lymphocinesia; [lympho- + G. kinesis, movement]

lympholeukocyte lympholeukocyte (lim´fo-lu´ko-sIt)

lymphocyte

lymphology lymphology (lim-fol´o-je)

lymphangiology [lympho- + G. logos, study]

lymphoma lymphoma (lim-fo´ma)

Obsolete term for malignant l. [lympho- + G. -oma, tumor] Lymphomas are among the most treatable cancers, with survival rates having steadily climbed from 31% in the 1960s to 50% in the 1990s. Hodgkin's l., which generally strikes between ages 20 and 30, is highly curable, primarily because of therapeutic advances in bone marrow transplants. Non-Hodgkin's types, mainly afflicting those over 50, have proven more difficult. Some ten varieties of l. have been identified, and it represents the third most rapidly increasing form of cancer in the U.S. (affecting about 17 of 100,000 people). Non-Hodgkin's l. and l. of the brain are among the commonest AIDS-related malignancies. Non-Hodgkin's cases among HIV-positive people showed five- to tenfold increases in some locales between the mid-1970s and late 1980s.
adult T-cell l. (ATL) an acute or subacute disease associated with a human T-cell virus, with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions, peripheral blood involvement, and hypercalcemia.adult T-cell leukemia;
anaplastic large cell l. a form of lymphoma characterized by anaplasia of cells, sinusoidal growth, and immunoreactivity with CD30 (Ki-1 or Ber-H2).Ki-1+ l;
benign l. of the rectum a rectal polyp composed of lymphoid tissue with follicle formation, covered by mucosa.
Burkitt's l. a form of malignant l. reported in African children, frequently involving facial bones, ovaries, and abdominal lymph nodes, which are infiltrated by undifferentiated stem cells with scattered pale macrophages containing nuclear debris; undifferentiated cells show numerous mitoses from lymphoid germinal center B cells. Geographical distribution of Burkitt's l. suggests that it is found in areas with endemic malaria and caused by Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the family Herpesviridae; occasional cases of l. with similar features have been reported in the United States.
canine malignant l. a progressive fatal disease of dogs characterized by neoplastic transformation and proliferation of lymphoid cells, usually originating in solid lymphoid organs (lymphosarcoma) or bone marrow (lymphocytic leukemia).
diffuse small cleaved cell l. diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic l.; follicular center cell l. that lacks a follicular pattern; malignancy is of intermediate grade.
follicular l. nodular l
follicular predominantly large cell l. a B-cell l. of intermediate malignancy.nodular histiocytic l;
follicular predominantly small cleaved cell l. poorly differentiated lymphocytic l
histiocytic l. a malignant tumor of reticular tissue composed predominantly of neoplastic histiocytes. See also large cell l.
Hodgkin's l. Hodgkin's disease
immunoblastic l. a monomorphous proliferation of immunoblasts involving the lymph nodes; it may develop in some patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.
Ki-1+ l. anaplastic large cell l
large cell l. l. composed of large mononuclear cells of undetermined type. Many l.'s formerly classified as histiocytic have in recent years been shown to consist of large lymphocytes.
Lennert's l. malignant l. with a high proportion of diffusely scattered epithelioid cells, tonsillar involvement, and an unpredictable course.Lennert's lesion;
lymphoblastic l. a diffuse l. in children, with supradiaphragmatic distribution and T lymphocytes having convoluted nuclei; many patients develop acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
malignant l. general term for ordinarily malignant neoplasms of lymphoid and reticuloendothelial tissues which present as apparently circumscribed solid tumors composed of cells that appear primitive or resemble lymphocytes, plasma cells, or histiocytes. L.'s appear most frequently in lymph nodes, spleen, or other normal sites of lymphoreticular cells; when disseminated, l.'s, especially of the lymphocytic type, may invade the peripheral blood and manifest as leukemia. L.'s are classified by cell type, degrees of differentiation, and nodular or diffuse pattern; Hodgkin's disease and Burkitt's l. are special forms.
Mediterranean l. immunoproliferative small intestinal disease
nodular l. malignant l. arising from lymphoid follicular B cells which may be small or large, growing in a nodular pattern.follicular l., giant follicular lymphoblastoma;
nodular histiocytic l. follicular predominantly large cell l
non-Hodgkin's l. a l. other than Hodgkin's disease, classified by Rappaport into a nodular or diffuse tumor pattern and by cell type; a working or international formulation separates such l.'s into low, intermediate, and high grade malignancy and into cytologic subtypes reflecting follicular center cell or other origin.
poorly differentiated lymphocytic l. (PDLL) a B-cell l. with nodular or diffuse lymph node or bone marrow involvement by large lymphoid cells.follicular predominantly small cleaved cell l;
small lymphocytic l. well-differentiated lymphocytic l
T cell-rich, B cell l. a B cell l. in which more than 90% of the cells are of T cell origin, masking the large cells that form the neoplastic B cell component. See also adult T-cell l.
well-differentiated lymphocytic l. (WDLL) essentially the same disease as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, except that lymphocytes are not increased in the peripheral blood; lymph nodes are enlarged and other lymphoid tissue or bone marrow is infiltrated by small lymphocytes.small lymphocytic l;

lymphomatoid lymphomatoid (lim-fo´ma-toyd)

Resembling a lymphoma.

lymphomatosis lymphomatosis (lim´fo-ma-to´sis)

Any condition characterized by the occurrence of multiple, widely distributed sites of involvement with lymphoma.
avian l. a group of virus-induced transmissible diseases of chickens and some other birds in which there is lymphoid cell infiltration or formation of lymphomatous tumors in various tissues and organs; the two principal diseases are: 1) the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex-induced lymphoid leukosis, involving the bursa fabricius and various visceral organs, that is associated with viruses of the family Retroviridae; 2) Marek's disease, caused by avian herpesvirus 2 and involving primarily the peripheral nerves and gonads and, to a lesser and more variable extent, other visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the eye. Variability of lesion site prompted other names for avian l., such as big liver disease, ocular l., visceral l. neurolymphomatosis gallinarum, and fowl paralysis.fowl l;
fowl l. avian l
ocular l. See avian l.
visceral l. See avian l.

lymphomatous lymphomatous (lim-fo´ma-tus)

Pertaining to or characterized by lymphoma.

lymphomyeloma lymphomyeloma (lim´fo-mI´e-lo´ma)

A medullary neoplasm that consists of uninuclear, relatively small cells with morphologic features resembling those of lymphocytic forms. [lympho- + G. myelos, marrow, + -oma, tumor]

lymphomyxoma lymphomyxoma (lim´fo-mik-so´ma)

A soft nonmalignant neoplasm that contains lymphoid tissue in a matrix of loose, areolar connective tissue. [lympho- + G. myxa, mucus, + -oma, tumor]

lymphopathia lymphopathia (lim-fo-path´e-a)

lymphopathy
l. vene´reum an obsolete term for lymphogranuloma venereum.

lymphopathy lymphopathy (lim-fop´a-the)

Any disease of the lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.lymphopathia; [lympho- + G. pathos, suffering]

lymphopenia lymphopenia (lim-fo-pe´ne-a)

A reduction, relative or absolute, in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.lymphocytic leukopenia, lymphocytopenia; [lympho- + G. penia, poverty]

lymphoplasmapheresis lymphoplasmapheresis (lim´fo-plaz´ma-fe-re´sis)

Separation and removal of lymphocytes and plasma from the withdrawn blood, with the remainder of the blood retransfused into the donor. [lymphocyte + plasma + G. aphairesis, a withdrawal]

lymphoplasty lymphoplasty (lim´fo-plas-te)

lymphangioplasty

lymphopoiesis lymphopoiesis (lim-fo-poy-e´sis)

The formation of lymphatic tissue. [lympho- + G. poiesis, a making]

lymphopoietic lymphopoietic (lim-fo-poy-et´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by lymphopoiesis.

lymphoreticulosis lymphoreticulosis (lim´fo-re-tik-yu-lo´sis)

Proliferation of the reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) of the lymph glands.
benign inoculation l. cat-scratch disease

lymphorrhagia lymphorrhagia (lim-fo-ra´je-a)

lymphorrhea [lympho- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

lymphorrhea lymphorrhea (lim-fo-re´a)

An escape of lymph on the surface from ruptured, torn, or cut lymphatic vessels.lymphorrhagia; [lympho- + G. rhoia, a flow]

lymphorrhoid lymphorrhoid (lim´fo-royd)

A dilation of a lymph channel, resembling a hemorrhoid. [lymh + -rrhoid, tending to leak, on the analogy of hemorrhoid]

lymphosarcoma lymphosarcoma (lim´fo-sar-ko´ma)

Obsolete term for malignant lymphoma. [lympho- + G. sarkoma, sarcoma]
bovine l. a systemic malignancy of the lymphoreticular system of cattle which is seen in two etiologically and clinically distinct forms, enzootic bovine leukosis and sporadic bovine leukosis.

lymphosarcomatosis lymphosarcomatosis (lim´fo-sar-ko´ma-to´sis)

Obsolete term for a condition characterized by the presence of multiple, widely distributed masses of lymphosarcoma.

lymphoscintigraphy lymphoscintigraphy (lim´fo-sin-tig´ra-fe)

Scintillation scanning of lymphatics or lymph nodes following intralymphatic or subcutaneous injection of a radionuclide.

lymphosis lymphosis (lim-fo´sis)

Rarely used term for lymphocytic leukemia.

lymphostasis lymphostasis (lim-fos´ta-sis)

Obstruction of the normal flow of lymph. [lympho- + G. stasis, a standing still]

lymphotaxis lymphotaxis (lim-fo-tak´sis)

The exertion of an effect that attracts or repels lymphocytes. [lympho- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

lymphotoxicity lymphotoxicity (lim´fo-tok-sis´i-te)

Toxicity to lymphocytes.

lymphotoxin lymphotoxin (lim´fo-tok-sin)

A lymphokine that lyses or damages many cell types.

lymphotrophy lymphotrophy (lim-fot´ro-fe)

Nourishment of the tissues by lymph in parts devoid of blood vessels. [lympho- + G. trophe, nourishment]

lymphuria lymphuria (lim-fu´re-a)

Discharge of lymph in the urine. [lympho- + G. ouron, urine]

lynestrenol lynestrenol (lin-es´tren-ol)

17a-Ethynylestr-4-en-17beta-ol; 3-desoxynorlutin;a progestational agent, used with mestranol as an oral contraceptive.ethinylestrenol;

lyo- lyo-

Dissolution. See also lyso-. [G. lyo, to loosen, dissolve]

lyoenzyme lyoenzyme (lI-o-en´zIm)

extracellular enzyme

lyolysis lyolysis (lI-ol´i-sis)

Rarely used term for solvolysis.

Lyon Lyon

Mary F., English cytogeneticist, *1925. See L. hypothesis; lyonization.

Lyon Lyon

B. B. Vincent, U.S. physician, 1880-1953. See Meltzer-L. test.

lyonization lyonization (lI´on-i-za´shun)

The normal phenomenon that wherever there are two or more haploid sets of X-linked genes in each cell all but one of the genes is inactivated apparently at random and have no phenotypic expression. L. is usual but not invariable for all loci. Its randomness explains the more variable espressivity of X-linked traits in women than in men. L. occurs in men with the Klinefelter (XXY) karyotype. See also gene dosage compensation.Lyon hypothesis, X-inactivation; [M. Lyon]

lyophil lyophil , lyophile (lI´o-fil, -fIl)

A substance that is lyophilic.

lyophilic lyophilic (lI-o-fil´ik)

In colloid chemistry, denoting a dispersed phase having a pronounced affinity for the dispersion medium; when the dispersed phase is l., the colloid is usually a reversible one.lyotropic; [lyo- + G. phileo, to love]

lyophilization lyophilization (lI-of´i-li-za´shun)

The process of isolating a solid substance from solution by freezing the solution and evaporating the ice under vacuum.freeze-drying;

lyophobe lyophobe (lI´o-fob)

A substance that is lyophobic.

lyophobic lyophobic (lI-o-fo´bik)

In colloid chemistry, denoting a dispersed phase having but slight affinity for the dispersion medium; when the dispersed phase is l., the colloid is usually an irreversible one. [lyo- + G. phobos, fear]

lyosorption lyosorption (lI-o-sorp´shun)

Adsorption of a liquid on a solid surface.

lyotropic lyotropic (lI-o-trop´ik)

lyophilic [lyo- + G. trope, a turning]

lypressin lypressin (lI´pres-in)

[Lys⁸]Vasopressin;vasopressin containing lysine in position 8; an antidiuretic and vasopressor hormone.8-lysine vasopressin;

lyra lyra (lI´ra)

A lyre-shaped structure. [L. and G. lyre]
l. davidis , lyre of David obsolete terms for commissura fornicis.
l. uteri´na palmate folds, under fold

Lys Lys

Symbol for lysine, or its radicals in peptides.

lys- lys-

See lyso-.

lysate lysate (lI´sat)

Material produced by the destructive process of lysis.

lyse lyse (lIz)

To break up, to disintegrate, to effect lysis.lyze;

lysemia lysemia (lI-se´me-a)

Disintegration or dissolution of red blood cells and the occurrence of hemoglobin in the circulating plasma and in the urine. [lyso- + G. haima, blood]

lysergamide lysergamide (lI-serj´a-mId)

lysergic acid amide

lysergic acid lysergic acid (lI-ser´jik)

The d-isomer is a cleavage product of alkaline hydrolysis of ergot alkaloids, with mol. wt. 268.315; occurs as shiny crystals, slightly soluble in water; a psychotomimetic.
l.a. amide a psychotomimetic agent present in Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea tricolor; possesses less hallucinogenic potency than does l.a. diethylamide.ergine, lysergamide;
l.a. diethylamide (LSD) peripherally, a serotonin antagonist; 1 to 2 mug per kg induces hallucinatory states of a visual rather than auditory nature; its use may precipitate psychoses; it has been occasionally used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism and psychotic disorders.lysergide;
l.a. monoethylamide a psychotomimetic agent present in Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea tricolor; possesses less hallucinatory potency than does l.a. diethylamide.

lysergide lysergide (lI-ser´jId)

lysergic acid diethylamide

lysergol lysergol (lI-sur-jol)

A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid.

lysin lysin (lI´sin)

1. A specific complement-fixing antibody that acts destructively on cells and tissues; the various types are designated in accordance with the form of antigen that stimulates the production of the l., e.g., hemolysin, bacteriolysin. 2. Any substance that causes lysis.

lysine (K, Lys) lysine (K, Lys) (lI´sen)

NH₂(CH₂)₄CH(NH₂)COOH; 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid;the l-isomer is a nutritionally essential a-amino acid found in many proteins; distinguished by an epsi-amino group.
l. decarboxylase an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of l-l., with the production of cadaverine and CO₂.

lysinemia lysinemia (lI-si-ne´me-a)

See hyperlysinemia.

8-lysine vasopressin 8-lysine vasopressin

lypressin

lysinium lysinium (lI-sin´e-um)

The cation form of lysine, either lysinium (+1) or lysinium (+2).

lysinogen lysinogen (lI-sin´o-jen)

An antigen that stimulates the formation of a specific lysin.

lysinogenic lysinogenic (lI´si-no-jen´ik)

Having the property of a lysinogen.

lysinuria lysinuria (lI-si-nu´re-a)

The presence of lysine in the urine.

lysis lysis (lI´sis)

1. Gradual subsidence of the symptoms of an acute disease, a form of the recovery process, as distinguished from crisis. 2. Destruction of red blood cells, bacteria, and other structures by a specific lysin, usually referred to by the structure destroyed (e.g., hemolysis, bacteriolysis, nephrolysis); may be due to a direct toxin or an immune mechanism, such as antibody reacting with antigen on the surface of a target cell, usually by binding and activation of a series of proteins in the blood with enzymatic activity (complement system). [G. dissolution or loosening]

lyso- lyso- , lys-

Lysis, dissolution. See also lyo-. [G. lysis, a loosening]

lysocephalin lysocephalin (lI-so-sef´a-lin)

A lysophosphatidic acid esterified with serine or ethanolamine, i.e., a lysophosphatidylserine or -ethanolamine; analogous to lysolecithin.

lysogen lysogen (lI´so-jen)

1. That which is capable of inducing lysis. 2. A bacterium in the state of lysogeny. [lysin + G. -gen, producing]

lysogenesis lysogenesis (lI-so-jen´e-sis)

The production of lysins.

lysogenic lysogenic (lI-so-jen´ik)

1. Causing or having the power to cause lysis, as the action of certain antibodies and chemical substances. 2. Pertaining to bacteria in the state of lysogeny.

lysogenicity lysogenicity (lI´so-je-nis´i-te)

The property of being lysogenic.

lysogenization lysogenization (lI´so-je-ni-za´shun, lI-soj´e-ni-za´shun)

The process by which a bacterium becomes lysogenic.

lysogeny lysogeny (lI-soj´e-ne)

The phenomenon by which a bacterium is infected by a temperate bacteriophage whose DNA is integrated into the bacterial genome and replicates along with the bacterial DNA but remains latent or unexpressed; triggering of the lytic cycle may occur spontaneously or by certain agents and will result in the production of bacteriophage and lysis of the bacterial cell.

lysokinase lysokinase (lI-so-kI´nas)

Term proposed for activator agents (e.g., streptokinase, urokinase, staphylokinase) that produce plasmin by indirect or multiple-stage action on plasminogen.

lysolecithin lysolecithin (lI-so-les´i-thin)

A lysophosphatic acid that contains choline; capable of lysing erythrocytes.lysophosphatidylcholine;
l.-lecithin acyltransferase (LLAT) an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of l. and another phospholipid (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine) to form lecithin and lysophosphatidylethanolamine; a major route in the restructuring of lecithin.

lysolecithinase lysolecithinase (lI-so-les´i-thin-as)

lysophospholipase

lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid (lI´so-fos´fa-tid´ik)

A phosphatidic acid in which only one of the two hydroxyl groups of the glycerophosphate is esterified; most commonly, when carbon-1 of the glycerol moiety is esterified (e.g., 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate).
l.a. acyltransferase , 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase.

lysophosphatidylcholine lysophosphatidylcholine (lI´so-fos´fa-tI´dil-ko´len)

lysolecithin

lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine (lI´so-fos´fa-tI´dil-ser´en)

Phosphatidylserine from which one fatty acid residue has been removed from the glycerol moiety, typically at carbon-2. Cf. lysophosphatidic acid.

lysophospholipase lysophospholipase (lI´so-fos´fo-lip´as)

A hydrolase removing the single acyl group from a lysolecithin, producing glycerophosphocholine and the free fatty acid anion.lecithinase B, lysolecithinase, phospholipase B (1);

lysosome lysosome (lI´so-som)

A cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicle measuring 5-8 nm (primary l.) and containing a wide variety of glycoprotein hydrolytic enzymes active at an acid pH; serves to digest exogenous material, such as bacteria, as well as effete organelles of the cells. [lyso- + G. soma, body]
definitive l.'s secondary l.'s
primary l.'s l.'s produced at the Golgi apparatus where hydrolytic enzymes are incorporated; they fuse with phagosomes or pinosomes to become secondary l.'s.
secondary l.'s l.'s in which lysis takes place, owing to the activity of hydrolytic enzymes; they are believed to eventually become residual bodies.definitive l.'s, digestive vacuole;

lysostaphin lysostaphin (lI-so-staf´in)

A peptidase enzyme produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus microorganisms with antibacterial activity against Staphylococci.

lysotype lysotype (li´so-typ)

A type within a bacterial species determined by its reaction to specific phages. [lyso + type]

lysozyme lysozyme (lI´so-zIm)

An enzyme hydrolyzing 1,4-beta links between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, and thus destructive to cell walls of certain bacteria; present in tears and some other body fluids, in egg white, and in some plant tissues; used in the prevention of caries and in the treatment of infant formulas.mucopeptide glycohydrolase, muramidase;

lyssa lyssa (lis´a)

1. A cartilage in the tongue of the dog.worm (2); 2. Old term for rabies. [G. madness]

Lyssavirus Lyssavirus (lis´a-vI-rus)

A genus of viruses (family Rhabdoviridae) that includes the rabies virus group.

lysyl lysyl (lI´sil)

The univalent radical of lysine.
l. hydroxylase an enzyme that acts on specific lysyl residues in certain proteins (e.g., collagens) with a-ketoglutarate and O₂ to produce delta-hydroxylysyl residues, succinate, and CO₂; this enzyme, which requires Fe²⁺ and ascorbate, is deficient in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI.l. 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase;
l. oxidase an enzyme, which requires Cu²⁺ and O₂, that oxidizes certain lysyl residues in collagen to allysyl residues and hydroxylysyl residues to hydroxyallysyl residues; this is a required step for the cross-linking (via aldol condensations and Amadori rearrangements) of collagen strands; a lower activity of this enzyme is associated with occipital horn syndrome.
l. 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase l. hydroxylase

lysyl-bradykinin lysyl-bradykinin (lI´sil-brad-e-kI´nin)

kallidin

lytic lytic (lit´ik)

Pertaining to lysis; used colloq. as an abbreviation for osteolytic.

lytta lytta (lit´a)

Old term for rabies.

lyxitol lyxitol (lik´si-tol)

A pentitol (reduced lyxose) occurring in lyxoflavin.

lyxoflavin lyxoflavin (lik-so-fla´vin)

A compound similar to riboflavin except that d-lyxitol is present in place of the d-ribitol group; present in small quantity in cardiac muscle.

lyxose lyxose (lik´sos)

An aldopentose; d-l. is epimeric with both d-arabinose and d-xylose; l-l. is epimeric with d-ribose.

lyxulose lyxulose (liks´yu-los)

The 2-keto derivative of lyxose.

lyze lyze (lIz)

lyse